PDL::Scilab - A guide for Scilab users.
If you are a Scilab user, this page is for you. It explains the key differences
between Scilab and PDL to help you get going as quickly as possible.
This document is not a tutorial. For that, go to PDL::QuickStart. This
document
complements the Quick Start guide, as it highlights the key
differences between Scilab and PDL.
The key difference between Scilab and PDL is
Perl.
Perl is a general purpose programming language with thousands of modules freely
available on the web. PDL is an extension of Perl. This gives PDL programs
access to more features than most numerical tools can dream of. At the same
time, most syntax differences between Scilab and PDL are a result of its Perl
foundation.
You do not have to learn much Perl to be effective with PDL. But if you
wish to learn Perl, there is excellent documentation available on-line
(<
http://perldoc.perl.org>) or through the command "perldoc
perl". There is also a beginner's portal (<
http://perl-begin.org>).
Perl's module repository is called CPAN (<
http://www.cpan.org>) and it has
a vast array of modules. Run "perldoc cpan" for more information.
Scilab typically refers to vectors, matrices, and arrays. Perl already has
arrays, and the terms "vector" and "matrix" typically
refer to one- and two-dimensional collections of data. Having no good term to
describe their object, PDL developers coined the term "
ndarray" to give a name to their data type.
An
ndarray consists of a series of numbers organized as an N-dimensional
data set. ndarrays provide efficient storage and fast computation of large
N-dimensional matrices. They are highly optimized for numerical work.
For more information, see "
ndarrays vs Perl Arrays" later in
this document.
PDL does not come with a dedicated IDE. It does however come with an interactive
shell and you can use a Perl IDE to develop PDL programs.
To start the interactive shell, open a terminal and run "perldl" or
"pdl2". As in Scilab, the interactive shell is the best way to learn
the language. To exit the shell, type "exit", just like Scilab.
One popular IDE for Perl is called Padre (<
http://padre.perlide.org>). It
is cross platform and easy to use.
Whenever you write a stand-alone PDL program (i.e. outside the
"perldl" or "pdl2" shells) you must start the program with
"use PDL;". This command imports the PDL module into Perl. Here is a
sample PDL program:
use PDL; # Import main PDL module.
use PDL::NiceSlice; # Import additional PDL module.
$y = pdl [2,3,4]; # Statements end in semicolon.
$A = pdl [ [1,2,3],[4,5,6] ]; # 2-dimensional ndarray.
print $A x $y->transpose;
Save this file as "myprogram.pl" and run it with:
perl myprogram.pl
In very recent versions of PDL (version 2.4.7 or later) there is a flexible
matrix syntax that can look extremely similar to Scilab:
1) Use a ';' to delimit rows:
$y = pdl q[ 2,3,4 ];
$A = pdl q[ 1,2,3 ; 4,5,6 ];
2) Use spaces to separate elements:
$y = pdl q[ 2 3 4 ];
$A = pdl q[ 1 2 3 ; 4 5 6 ];
Basically, as long as you put a "q" in front of the opening bracket,
PDL should "do what you mean". So you can write in a syntax that is
more comfortable for you.
Here is a module that Scilab users will want to use:
- PDL::NiceSlice
- Gives PDL a syntax for slices (sub-matrices) that is
shorter and more familiar to Scilab users.
// Scilab
b(1:5) --> Selects the first 5 elements from b.
# PDL without NiceSlice
$y->slice("0:4") --> Selects the first 5 elements from $y.
# PDL with NiceSlice
$y(0:4) --> Selects the first 5 elements from $y.
This section explains how PDL's syntax differs from Scilab. Most Scilab users
will want to start here.
- Indices
- In PDL, indices start at '0' (like C and Java), not 1 (like
Scilab). For example, if $y is an array with 5 elements, the elements
would be numbered from 0 to 4.
- Displaying an object
- Scilab normally displays object contents automatically. In
PDL you display objects explicitly with the "print" command or
the shortcut "p":
Scilab:
--> a = 12
a = 12.
--> b = 23; // Suppress output.
-->
PerlDL:
pdl> $x = 12 # No output.
pdl> print $x # Print object.
12
pdl> p $x # "p" is a shorthand for "print" in the shell.
12
- Variables in PDL
- Variables always start with the '$' sign.
Scilab: value = 42
PerlDL: $value = 42
- Basic syntax
- Use the "pdl" constructor to create a new
ndarray.
Scilab: v = [1,2,3,4]
PerlDL: $v = pdl [1,2,3,4]
Scilab: A = [ 1,2,3 ; 3,4,5 ]
PerlDL: $A = pdl [ [1,2,3] , [3,4,5] ]
- Simple matrices
-
Scilab PDL
------ ------
Matrix of ones ones(5,5) ones 5,5
Matrix of zeros zeros(5,5) zeros 5,5
Random matrix rand(5,5) random 5,5
Linear vector 1:5 sequence 5
Notice that in PDL the parenthesis in a function call are often optional. It
is important to keep an eye out for possible ambiguities. For example:
pdl> p zeros 2, 2 + 2
Should this be interpreted as "zeros(2,2) + 2" or as "zeros
2, (2+2)"? Both are valid statements:
pdl> p zeros(2,2) + 2
[
[2 2]
[2 2]
]
pdl> p zeros 2, (2+2)
[
[0 0]
[0 0]
[0 0]
[0 0]
]
Rather than trying to memorize Perl's order of precedence, it is best to use
parentheses to make your code unambiguous.
- Linearly spaced sequences
-
Scilab: --> linspace(2,10,5)
ans = 2. 4. 6. 8. 10.
PerlDL: pdl> p zeroes(5)->xlinvals(2,10)
[2 4 6 8 10]
Explanation: Start with a 1-dimensional ndarray of 5 elements and
give it equally spaced values from 2 to 10.
Scilab has a single function call for this. On the other hand, PDL's method
is more flexible:
pdl> p zeros(5,5)->xlinvals(2,10)
[
[ 2 4 6 8 10]
[ 2 4 6 8 10]
[ 2 4 6 8 10]
[ 2 4 6 8 10]
[ 2 4 6 8 10]
]
pdl> p zeros(5,5)->ylinvals(2,10)
[
[ 2 2 2 2 2]
[ 4 4 4 4 4]
[ 6 6 6 6 6]
[ 8 8 8 8 8]
[10 10 10 10 10]
]
pdl> p zeros(3,3,3)->zlinvals(2,6)
[
[
[2 2 2]
[2 2 2]
[2 2 2]
]
[
[4 4 4]
[4 4 4]
[4 4 4]
]
[
[6 6 6]
[6 6 6]
[6 6 6]
]
]
- Slicing and indices
- Extracting a subset from a collection of data is known as
slicing. The PDL shell and Scilab have a similar syntax for
slicing, but there are two important differences:
1) PDL indices start at 0, as in C and Java. Scilab starts indices at 1.
2) In Scilab you think "rows and columns". In PDL, think "x
and y".
Scilab PerlDL
------ ------
--> A pdl> p $A
A = [
1. 2. 3. [1 2 3]
4. 5. 6. [4 5 6]
7. 8. 9. [7 8 9]
]
-------------------------------------------------------
(row = 2, col = 1) (x = 0, y = 1)
--> A(2,1) pdl> p $A(0,1)
ans = [
4. [4]
]
-------------------------------------------------------
(row = 2 to 3, col = 1 to 2) (x = 0 to 1, y = 1 to 2)
--> A(2:3,1:2) pdl> p $A(0:1,1:2)
ans = [
4. 5. [4 5]
7. 8. [7 8]
]
- Warning
- When you write a stand-alone PDL program you have to
include the PDL::NiceSlice module. See the previous section "
MODULES FOR SCILAB USERS" for more information.
use PDL; # Import main PDL module.
use PDL::NiceSlice; # Nice syntax for slicing.
$A = random 4,4;
print $A(0,1);
- Matrix multiplication
-
Scilab: A * B
PerlDL: $A x $B
- Element-wise multiplication
-
Scilab: A .* B
PerlDL: $A * $B
- Transpose
-
Scilab: A'
PerlDL: $A->transpose
Some functions (like "sum", "max" and "min")
aggregate data for an N-dimensional data set. Scilab and PDL both give you the
option to apply these functions to the entire data set or to just one
dimension.
- Scilab
- In Scilab, these functions work along the entire data set
by default, and an optional parameter "r" or "c" makes
them act over rows or columns.
--> A = [ 1,5,4 ; 4,2,1 ]
A = 1. 5. 4.
4. 2. 1.
--> max(A)
ans = 5
--> max(A, "r")
ans = 4. 5. 4.
--> max(A, "c")
ans = 5.
4.
- PDL
- PDL offers two functions for each feature.
sum vs sumover
avg vs average
max vs maximum
min vs minimum
The long name works over a dimension, while the short name
works over the entire ndarray.
pdl> p $A = pdl [ [1,5,4] , [4,2,1] ]
[
[1 5 4]
[4 2 1]
]
pdl> p $A->maximum
[5 4]
pdl> p $A->transpose->maximum
[4 5 4]
pdl> p $A->max
5
A related issue is how Scilab and PDL understand data sets of higher dimension.
Scilab was designed for 1D vectors and 2D matrices with higher dimensional
objects added on top. In contrast, PDL was designed for N-dimensional ndarrays
from the start. This leads to a few surprises in Scilab that don't occur in
PDL:
- Scilab sees a vector as a 2D matrix.
-
Scilab PerlDL
------ ------
--> vector = [1,2,3,4]; pdl> $vector = pdl [1,2,3,4]
--> size(vector) pdl> p $vector->dims
ans = 1 4 4
Scilab sees "[1,2,3,4]" as a 2D matrix (1x4 matrix). PDL sees it
as a 1D vector: A single dimension of size 4.
- But Scilab ignores the last dimension of a 4x1x1
matrix.
-
Scilab PerlDL
------ ------
--> A = ones(4,1,1); pdl> $A = ones 4,1,1
--> size(A) pdl> p $A->dims
ans = 4 1 4 1 1
- And Scilab treats a 4x1x1 matrix differently from a 1x1x4
matrix.
-
Scilab PerlDL
------ ------
--> A = ones(1,1,4); pdl> $A = ones 1,1,4
--> size(A) pdl> p $A->dims
ans = 1 1 4 1 1 4
- Scilab has no direct syntax for N-D arrays.
-
pdl> $A = pdl [ [[1,2,3],[4,5,6]], [[2,3,4],[5,6,7]] ]
pdl> p $A->dims
3 2 2
- Feature support.
- In Scilab, several features are not available for N-D
arrays. In PDL, just about any feature supported by 1D and 2D ndarrays, is
equally supported by N-dimensional ndarrays. There is usually no
distinction:
Scilab PerlDL
------ ------
--> A = ones(3,3,3); pdl> $A = ones(3,3,3);
--> A' pdl> transpose $A
=> ERROR => OK
Perl has many loop structures, but we will only show the one that is most
familiar to Scilab users:
Scilab PerlDL
------ ------
for i = 1:10 for $i (1..10) {
disp(i) print $i
end }
- Note
- Never use for-loops for numerical work. Perl's for-loops
are faster than Scilab's, but they both pale against a
"vectorized" operation. PDL has many tools that facilitate
writing vectorized programs. These are beyond the scope of this guide. To
learn more, see: PDL::Indexing, PDL::Broadcasting, and PDL::PP.
Likewise, never use 1..10 for numerical work, even outside a for-loop. 1..10
is a Perl array. Perl arrays are designed for flexibility, not speed. Use
ndarrays instead. To learn more, see the next section.
It is important to note the difference between an
ndarray and a Perl
array. Perl has a general-purpose array object that can hold any type of
element:
@perl_array = 1..10;
@perl_array = ( 12, "Hello" );
@perl_array = ( 1, 2, 3, \@another_perl_array, sequence(5) );
Perl arrays allow you to create powerful data structures (see
Data
structures below),
but they are not designed for numerical work.
For that, use
ndarrays:
$pdl = pdl [ 1, 2, 3, 4 ];
$pdl = sequence 10_000_000;
$pdl = ones 600, 600;
For example:
$points = pdl 1..10_000_000 # 4.7 seconds
$points = sequence 10_000_000 # milliseconds
TIP: You can use underscores in numbers ("10_000_000" reads
better than 10000000).
Perl has many conditionals, but we will only show the one that is most familiar
to Scilab users:
Scilab PerlDL
------ ------
if value > MAX if ($value > $MAX) {
disp("Too large") print "Too large\n";
elseif value < MIN } elsif ($value < $MIN) {
disp("Too small") print "Too small\n";
else } else {
disp("Perfect!") print "Perfect!\n";
end }
- Note
- Here is a "gotcha":
Scilab: elseif
PerlDL: elsif
If your conditional gives a syntax error, check that you wrote your
"elsif"'s correctly.
One of the most interesting differences between PDL and other tools is the
expressiveness of the Perl language. TIMTOWDI, or "There Is More Than One
Way To Do It", is Perl's motto.
Perl was written by a linguist, and one of its defining properties is that
statements can be formulated in different ways to give the language a more
natural feel. For example, you are unlikely to say to a friend:
"While I am not finished, I will keep working."
Human language is more flexible than that. Instead, you are more likely to say:
"I will keep working until I am finished."
Owing to its linguistic roots, Perl is the only programming language with this
sort of flexibility. For example, Perl has traditional while-loops and
if-statements:
while ( ! finished() ) {
keep_working();
}
if ( ! wife_angry() ) {
kiss_wife();
}
But it also offers the alternative
until and
unless statements:
until ( finished() ) {
keep_working();
}
unless ( wife_angry() ) {
kiss_wife();
}
And Perl allows you to write loops and conditionals in "postfix" form:
keep_working() until finished();
kiss_wife() unless wife_angry();
In this way, Perl often allows you to write more natural, easy to understand
code than is possible in more restrictive programming languages.
PDL's syntax for declaring functions differs significantly from Scilab's.
Scilab PerlDL
------ ------
function retval = foo(x,y) sub foo {
retval = x.**2 + x.*y my ($x, $y) = @_;
endfunction return $x**2 + $x*$y;
}
Don't be intimidated by all the new syntax. Here is a quick run through a
function declaration in PDL:
1) "
sub" stands for "subroutine".
2) "
my" declares variables to be local to the function.
3) "
@_" is a special Perl array that holds all
the function parameters. This might seem like a strange way to do functions,
but it allows you to make functions that take a variable number of parameters.
For example, the following function takes any number of parameters and adds
them together:
sub mysum {
my ($i, $total) = (0, 0);
for $i (@_) {
$total += $i;
}
return $total;
}
4) You can assign values to several variables at once using the syntax:
($x, $y, $z) = (1, 2, 3);
So, in the previous examples:
# This declares two local variables and initializes them to 0.
my ($i, $total) = (0, 0);
# This takes the first two elements of @_ and puts them in $x and $y.
my ($x, $y) = @_;
5) The "
return" statement gives the return value of the
function, if any.
To create complex data structures, Scilab uses "
lists" and
"
structs". Perl's arrays and hashes offer similar
functionality. This section is only a quick overview of what Perl has to
offer. To learn more about this, please go to
<
http://perldoc.perl.org/perldata.html> or run the command "perldoc
perldata".
- Arrays
- Perl arrays are similar to Scilab's lists. They are both a
sequential data structure that can contain any data type.
Scilab
------
list( 1, 12, "hello", zeros(3,3) , list( 1, 2) );
PerlDL
------
@array = ( 1, 12, "hello" , zeros(3,3), [ 1, 2 ] )
Notice that Perl array's start with the "@" prefix instead of the
"$" used by ndarrays.
To learn about Perl arrays, please go to
<http://perldoc.perl.org/perldata.html> or run the command
"perldoc perldata".
- Hashes
- Perl hashes are similar to Scilab's structure arrays:
Scilab
------
--> drink = struct('type', 'coke', 'size', 'large', 'myarray', ones(3,3,3))
--> drink.type = 'sprite'
--> drink.price = 12 // Add new field to structure array.
PerlDL
------
pdl> %drink = ( type => 'coke' , size => 'large', myndarray => ones(3,3,3) )
pdl> $drink{type} = 'sprite'
pdl> $drink{price} = 12 # Add new field to hash.
Notice that Perl hashes start with the "%" prefix instead of the
"@" for arrays and "$" used by ndarrays.
To learn about Perl hashes, please go to
<http://perldoc.perl.org/perldata.html> or run the command
"perldoc perldata".
PDL has powerful performance features, some of which are not normally available
in numerical computation tools. The following pages will guide you through
these features:
- PDL::Indexing
-
Level: Beginner
This beginner tutorial covers the standard "vectorization" feature
that you already know from Scilab. Use this page to learn how to avoid
for-loops to make your program more efficient.
- PDL::Broadcasting
-
Level: Intermediate
PDL's "vectorization" feature goes beyond what most numerical
software can do. In this tutorial you'll learn how to
"broadcast" over higher dimensions, allowing you to vectorize
your program further than is possible in Scilab.
- Benchmarks
-
Level: Intermediate
Perl comes with an easy to use benchmarks module to help you find how long
it takes to execute different parts of your code. It is a great tool to
help you focus your optimization efforts. You can read about it online
(<http://perldoc.perl.org/Benchmark.html>) or through the command
"perldoc Benchmark".
- PDL::PP
-
Level: Advanced
PDL's Pre-Processor is one of PDL's most powerful features. You write a
function definition in special markup and the pre-processor generates real
C code which can be compiled. With PDL:PP you get the full speed of native
C code without having to deal with the full complexity of the C
language.
PDL has full-featured plotting abilities. Unlike Scilab, PDL relies more on
third-party libraries (pgplot and PLplot) for its 2D plotting features. Its 3D
plotting and graphics uses OpenGL for performance and portability. PDL has
three main plotting modules:
- PDL::Graphics::PGPLOT
-
Best for: Plotting 2D functions and data sets.
This is an interface to the venerable PGPLOT library. PGPLOT has been widely
used in the academic and scientific communities for many years. In part
because of its age, PGPLOT has some limitations compared to newer packages
such as PLplot (e.g. no RGB graphics). But it has many features that still
make it popular in the scientific community.
- PDL::Graphics::PLplot
-
Best for: Plotting 2D functions as well as 2D and 3D
data sets.
This is an interface to the PLplot plotting library. PLplot is a modern,
open source library for making scientific plots. It supports plots of both
2D and 3D data sets. PLplot is best supported for unix/linux/macosx
platforms. It has an active developers community and support for win32
platforms is improving.
- PDL::Graphics::TriD
-
Best for: Plotting 3D functions.
The native PDL 3D graphics library using OpenGL as a backend for 3D plots
and data visualization. With OpenGL, it is easy to manipulate the
resulting 3D objects with the mouse in real time.
Through Perl, PDL has access to all the major toolkits for creating a cross
platform graphical user interface. One popular option is wxPerl
(<
http://wxperl.sourceforge.net>). These are the Perl bindings for
wxWidgets, a powerful GUI toolkit for writing cross-platform applications.
wxWidgets is designed to make your application look and feel like a native
application in every platform. For example, the Perl IDE
Padre is
written with wxPerl.
Xcos (formerly Scicos) is a graphical dynamical system modeler and simulator. It
is part of the standard Scilab distribution. PDL and Perl do not have a direct
equivalent to Scilab's Xcos. If this feature is important to you, you should
probably keep a copy of Scilab around for that.
Copyright 2010 Daniel Carrera (
[email protected]). You can distribute and/or
modify this document under the same terms as the current Perl license.
See:
http://dev.perl.org/licenses/