SWISH-LIBRARY - Interface to the Swish-e C library
The C library in an interface to the Swish-e search code. It provides a way to
embed Swish-e into your applications. This API is based on Swish-e version
2.3.
Note: This is a NEW API as of Swish-e version 2.3. The C language
interface has changed as has the perl interface to Swish-e. The new Perl
interface is the SWISH::API module and is included with the Swish-e
distribution. The old SWISHE perl module has been rewritten to work with the
new API. The SWISHE perl module is no longer included with the Swish-e
distribution, but can be downloaded from the Swish-e web site.
The advantage of the library is that the index files or files can be opened one
time and many queries made on the open index. This saves the startup time
required to fork and run the swish-e binary, and the expensive time of opening
up the index file. Some benchmarks have shown a three fold increase in speed.
The downside is that your program now has more code and data in it (the index
tables can use quite a bit of memory), and if a fatal error happens in swish
it will bring down your program. These are things to think about, especially
if embedding swish into a web server such as Apache where there are many
processes serving requests.
The best way to learn about the library is to look at two files included with
the Swish-e distribution that make use of the library.
- src/libtest.c
- This file gives a basic overview of linking a C program
with the Swish-e library. Not all available functions are used in that
example, but it should give you a good overview of building a C program
with swish-e.
To build and run libtest chdir to the src directory and run the commands:
$ make libtest
$ ./libtest [optional name of index file]
You will be prompted for the search words. The default index used is
index.swish-e. This can be overridden by placing a list of index
files in a quote-protected string.
$ ./libtest 'index1 index2 index3'
- perl/API.xs
- The API.xs file is a Perl "xsub" interface
to the C library and is part of the SWISH::API Perl module. This is an
object-oriented interface to the Swish-e library and demonstrates how the
various search "objects" are created by C calls and how they are
destroyed when no longer needed.
The Swish-e library is installed when you run "make install" when
building Swish-e. No extra installation steps are required.
The library consists of a header file "swish-e.h" and a library
"libswish-e.*" that can either be a static or shared library
depending on your platform.
When you first attach to an index file (or index files) you are returned a
"swish handle". From the handle you create one or more "search
objects" which holds the parameters to query the index, such as the query
string, sort order, search phrase delimiter, limit parameters and HTML
structure bits. The "object" is really just a pointer to a C
structure, but it's helpful to think of it as an object that data and
functionality associated with it.
The search object is used to query the index. A query returns a "results
object". The results object holds the number of hits, the parsed query
per index, and the result set. The results object keeps track of the current
position in the result set. You may "seek" to a specific record
within the result set (useful for displaying a page of results).
Finally, a result object represents a single result from the result list. A
result object provides access to the result's properties (such as file name,
rank, etc.).
In addition to results, there are functions available to access the header
values stored in the index file, functions to check and report errors, and a
few utility functions.
Below is the list of available function included in the Swish-e C language API.
These functions (and typedefs) are defined in the
swish-e.h header file.
The common objects (e.g. structures) used are:
SW_HANDLE - swish handle that associates with an index file
SW_SEARCH - search "object" that holds search parameters
SW_RESULTS - results "object" that holds a result set
SW_RESULT - a single result used for accessing the result's properties
SW_FUZZYWORD - used for fuzzy (stemming) word conversion
Searching
- SW_HANDLE SwishInit(char *IndexFiles);
- This functions opens and reads the header info of the index
files included in IndexFiles string. The string should contain a
space-separated list of index files.
SW_HANDLE myhandle;
myhandle = SwishInit("file1.idx");
Typically you will open a handle at the beginning of your program and use it
to make multiple queries on an index.
This function will always return a swish handle. You must check for errors,
and on error free the memory used by the handle, or abort.
Here's an example of aborting:
SW_HANDLE swish_handle;
swish_handle = SwishInit("file1.idx file2.idx");
if ( SwishError( swish_handle ) )
SwishAbortLastError( swish_handle );
And here's an example of catching the error:
SW_HANDLE swish_handle;
swish_handle = SwishInit("file1.idx file2.idx");
if ( SwishError( swish_handle ) )
{
printf("Failed to connect to swish. %s\n", SwishErrorString( swish_handle ) );
SwishClose( swish_handle ); /* free the memory used */
return 0;
}
You may have more than one handle active at a time.
Swish-e will not tell you if the index file changes on disk (such as after
reindexing). In a persistent environment (e.g. mod_perl) the calling
program should check to see if the index file has changed on disk. A
common way to do this is to store the inode number before opening the
index file(s), and then stat the file name every so often and reopen the
index files if the inode number changes.
- void SwishClose(SW_HANDLE handle);
- This function closes and frees the memory of a Swish
handle. Every swish handle should be freed when done searching the index.
Failing to close the handle will result in a memory leak.
- SW_SEARCH New_Search_Object(SW_HANDLE handle, const char
*query);
- Returns a new search "object". The search object
holds the parameters used for searching an index. A single search object
can be used to query the index multiple times. The available settings
listed below are "sticky" in that they remain set on the search
object until change.
- int SwishGetStructure( SW_SEARCH srch );
- Returns the "structure" flag of the search object
passed or 0 if the search object is NULL.
- void SwishPhraseDelimiter( SW_SEARCH srch, char delimiter
);
- Sets the phrase delimiter character. The default is
double-quotes.
- char SwishGetPhraseDelimiter( SW_SEARCH srch );
- Returns the phrase delimiter character used in the search
object or 0 if the search object is NULL.
- void SwishSetStructure( SW_SEARCH srch, int structure
);
- Sets the "structure" flag in the search object.
The structure flag is used to limit searches to parts of HTML files (such
as to the title or headers). The default is to not limit. This provides
the functionality of the -H command line switch.
- void SwishPhraseDelimiter( SW_SEARCH srch, char delimiter
);
- Sets the phrase delimiter character. The default is
double-quotes.
- void SwishSetSort( SW_SEARCH srch, char *sort );
- Sets the sort order of the results. This is the same as the
-s switch used with the swish-e binary.
- void SwishSetQuery( SW_SEARCH srch, char *query );
- Sets the query string in the search object. This typically
is not needed since it can be set when creating the search object or when
executing a query.
- void SwishSetSearchLimit( SW_SEARCH srch, char
*propertyname, char *low, char *hi);
- Sets the limit parameters for a search. Provides the same
functionality as the -L command line switch. You may specify a range of
property values that search results must be within. You may call
SwishSetSearchLimit() only one time for each property (but can set
limits on more than one property at a time).
Unlike the other settings on the search object, once you run a query on the
search object you must call SwishResetSearchLimit() to change or
clear the limit parameters.
- void SwishResetSearchLimit( SW_SEARCH srch );
- Resets the limits set on a search object set by
SwishSetSearchLimit().
- void Free_Search_Object( SW_SEARCH srch );
- Frees the search object. This must be called when done with
the search object. Generally, you can reuse a search object for multiple
queries so typically you would call this right before calling
SwishClose().
You may free the search object before freeing and generated results
objects.
- SW_RESULTS SwishExecute( SW_SEARCH search, const char
*query);
- Searches the index or indexes based on the parameters in
the search object. Returns a results object. See below for functions to
access the data stored in the results object.
You should always check for errors after calling SwishExecute().
- SW_RESULTS SwishQuery(SW_HANDLE, const char *words );
- This is a short-cut function that bypasses the creation of
a search object (actually, bypasses the need to create and free a search
object). This only allows passing in a query string; other search
parameters cannot be set. The results are sorted by rank.
You should always check for errors after calling SwishQuery().
Reading Results
- int SwishHits( SW_RESULTS results );
- Returns the number of results in the results object.
- SWISH_HEADER_VALUE SwishParsedWords( SW_RESULTS, const char
*index_name );
- Returns the tokenized query. Words are split by
WordCharacters and stopwords are removed. The parsed words are useful for
highlighting search terms in your program.
The "index_name" is the name of the index supplied in the
SwishInit() function call.
Returns a SWISH_HEADER_VALUE union of type SWISH_LIST which is a char **.
See src/libtest.c for an example of accessing the strings in this list,
but in general you may cast this to a (char **).
- SWISH_HEADER_VALUE SwishRemovedStopwords( SW_RESULTS, const
char *index_name );
- Returns a list of stopwords removed from the input query.
Returns a SWISH_HEADER_VALUE union of type SWISH_LIST which is a char **.
See src/libtest.c for an example of accessing the strings in this list,
but in general you may cast this to a (char **).
- int SwishSeekResult( SW_RESULTS, int position );
- Sets the current seek position in the list of results, with
position zero being the first record (unlike -b where one is the first
result).
Returns the position or a negative number on error.
- SW_RESULT SwishNextResult( SW_RESULTS );
- Returns the next result, or NULL if not more results are
available.
The result object returned does not need to be freed after use (unlike the
swish handle, search object, and results object).
- const char *SwishResultPropertyStr(SW_RESULT, char
*propertyname);
- This function is mostly useful for testing as it returns
odd results on errors.
Aborts if called with a NULL SW_RESULT object
Returns a string value of the specified property.
Returns the empty string "" if the current result does not have
the specified property assigned.
Returns the string "(null)" on invalid property name (i.e.
property name is not defined in the index) and sets an error (see below)
indicating the invalid property name.
The string returned does not need to be freed, but is only valid for the
current result. If you wish to save the string you must copy it locally.
Dates are formatted using the hard-coded format string: "%Y-%m-%d
%H:%M:%S" in localtime.
- unsigned long SwishResultPropertyULong(SW_RESULT r, char
*propertyname);
- Returns a numeric property as an unsigned long. Numeric
properties are used for both PropertyNamesNumeric and PropertyNamesDate
type of properties. Dates are returned as a unix timestamp as reported by
the system when the index was created.
Swish-e will abort if called with a NULL SW_RESULT object. Without the
SW_RESULT object swish-e cannot set any error codes.
On error returns UMAX_LONG. This is commonly defined in limits.h. Check
SwishError() (see below) for the type of error.
If SwishError() returns false (zero) then it simply means that this
result does not have any data for the specified property.
If SwishError() returns true (non-zero) then either the propertyname
specified is invalid, or the property requested is not a numeric (or date)
property (e.g. it's a string property).
See below on how to fetch the specific error message when
SwishError() is true.
- PropValue *getResultPropValue (SW_RESULT r, char
*propertyname, int ID );
- This is a low-level function to fetch a property regardless
of type. This is likely the best function for accessing properties.
Swish-e will abort if called with a NULL SW_RESULT object. Propertyname is
the name of the property. ID is the id number of the property, if known.
ID is not normally used in the API, but it's purpose is to avoid looking
up the property ID for every result displayed.
The return PropValue is a structure that contains a flag to indicate the
type, and a union that holds the property value. They flags and structure
are defined in swish-e.h.
The property must be copied locally and the returned "PropValue"
value must be freed by calling freeResultPropValue() to avoid a
memory leak.
On error returns NULL. Check SwishError() (see below) for the type of
error.
If returns NULL but SwishError() returns false (zero) then it simply
means that this result does not have any data for the specified property.
If SwishError() returns true (non-zero) then the property name
specified is invalid (i.e. not defined for the index).
See below on how to fetch the specific error message when
SwishError() is true.
See perl/API.xs for an example on using this function.
- void freeResultPropValue(void)
- Frees the "PropValue" returned after calling
getResultPropValue().
- void Free_Results_Object( SW_RESULTS results );
- Frees the results object (frees the result set). This must
be called when done reading the results and before calling
SwishClose().
Accessing the Index Header Values
Each index file has associated header values that describe the index. These
functions provide access to this data. The header data is returned as a union
SWISH_HEADER_VALUE, and a pointer to a SWISH_HEADER_TYPE is passed in and the
returned value indicates the type of data that is returned. See src/libtest.c
and perl/API.xs for examples.
- const char **SwishHeaderNames( SW_HANDLE );
- Returns the list of possible header names. This list is the
same for all index files of a given version of Swish-e. It provides a way
to gain access to all headers without having to list them in your
program.
- const char **SwishIndexNames( SW_HANDLE );
- Returns a list of index files opened. This is just the list
of index files specified in the SwishInit() call. You need the name
of the index file to access a specific index's header values.
- SWISH_HEADER_VALUE SwishHeaderValue( SW_HANDLE, const char
*index_name, const char *cur_header, SWISH_HEADER_TYPE *type );
- Fetches the header value for the given index file, and the
header name. The call sets the "type" passed in to the type of
value returned.
See src/libtest.c and perl/API.xs for examples.
- SWISH_HEADER_VALUE SwishResultIndexValue( SW_RESULT, const
char *name, SWISH_HEADER_TYPE *type );
- This is like SwishHeaderValue() above, but instead
of supplying an index file name and a swish handle, supply a result object
and the header value is fetched from the result's related index file.
Accessing Property Meta Data
In addition to the pre-defined standard properties, you have the option of
adding additional "meta" properties to be indexed and/or added to
the list of properties returned with each result. Consult the sections on the
MetaNames and PropteryNames directives in the CONFIGURATION FILE for an
explanation of how to do this.
These functions provide access to the meta data stored in an index. You can use
them to determine what meta/property information is available for an index
including all the pre-defined standard properties. See libtest.c for an
example.
- SWISH_META_LIST SwishMetaList( SW_HANDLE, const char
*index_name );
- Returns the list of meta entries for the given index file
as a null-terminated array of SW_META objects. Use the functions below to
extract specific fields from the SW_META structure. Meta's are distinct
from properties.
- SWISH_META_LIST SwishPropertyList( SW_HANDLE, const char
*index_name );
- This function is the same as SwishMetaList() but it
returns an array of properties as opposed to meta objects. Property
attributes can be extracted in the same was as meta objects using the
functions below.
- SWISH_META_LIST SwishResultMetaList( SW_RESULT );
- This is like SwishMetaList() above but determines
the index to use from a result object.
- SWISH_META_LIST SwishResultPropertyList( SW_RESULT );
- This is like SwishPropertyList() above but like
SwishResultMetaList() uses a result object instead of an index
name.
- const char *SwishMetaName( SW_META );
- Given a SW_META object returned by one of the above, this
function will return the meta/property's name. You can use this name to
access a property's value for a given as described above.
- int SwishMetaType( SW_META );
- Get the data type for the given meta/property. Known types
are listed in swish-e.h
- SwishMetaID( SW_META );
- Get the internal ID number for the given meta/property.
These id's are unique per index file but are not unique per results.
Checking for Errors
You should check for errors after all calls. The last error is stored in the
swish handle object, and is only valid until the next operation (which resets
the error flags).
Currently, some errors are flagged as "critical" errors. In these
cases you should destroy (by calling the
SwishClose() function ) the
current swish handle. If you have other objects in scope (e.g. a search object
or results object) destroy those first.
The types of errors that are critical can be seen in src/error.c. Currently the
list includes:
Could not open index file
Unknown index file format
Index file(s) is empty
Index file error
Invalid swish handle
Invalid results object
- int SwishError( SW_HANDLE );
- This returns true if an error condition exists. It returns
the error number, which is a integer less than zero on error. This should
be checked before calling any of the other error functions below.
- const char *SwishErrorString( SW_HANDLE );
- This returns a general text description of the current
error.
- const char *SwishLastErrorMsg( SW_HANDLE );
- In some cases this will return a string with specifics
about the current error. For example, SwishErrorString() may return
"Unknown metaname", but SwishLastErrorMsg() will return a
string with the name of the unknown metaname.
- int SwishCriticalError( SW_HANDLE );
- Returns true if the current error condition is a critical
error. On critical errors you should free up any current objects and call
SwishClose() as swish may be in an unstable state.
- void SwishAbortLastError( SW_HANDLE );
- This is a convenience function that will format and print
the last error message, and then abort the program.
- void set_error_handle( FILE *where );
- Sets where errors and warnings are printed (when printed by
swish). For historical reasons, when swish-e first starts up errors and
warnings are sent to stdout.
- void SwishErrorsToStderr( void );
- A convenience method to send errors to stderr instead of
stdout.
Utility Functions
- const char *SwishWordsByLetter(SWISH * sw, char *indexname,
char c);
- Returns all the words in the index "indexname"
that begin with the letter passed in. Returns NULL if the name of the
index file is invalid.
This fuction may change in the future since only 8-bit chars can currently
be used.
- char * SwsishStemWord( SW_HANDLE sw, char *in_word );
- Deprecated
This can be used to convert a word to its stem. It uses only the original
Porter Stemmer.
- SW_FUZZYWORD SwishFuzzyWord( SW_RESULT r, char *word
);
- Stems "word" based on the fuzzy mode selected
during indexing.
The fuzzy mode used during indexing is stored in the index file. Since each
result is linked to a given index file this method allows stemming a word
based on it's index file.
One possible use for this is to highlight search terms in a document
summary, which would be based on a given result.
The methods below can be used to access the data returned. The SW_FUZZYWORD
object must be freed when done to avoid a memory leak.
- const char **SwishFuzzyWordList( SW_FUZZYWORD fw );
- Returns a null terminated list of strings returned by the
stemmer. In most cases this will be a single string.
Here's an example:
SW_FYZZYWORD fuzzy_word = SwishFuzzyWord( result );
const char **word_list = SwishFuzzyWordList( fuzzy_word );
while ( *word_list )
{
printf("%s\n", *word_list );
word_list++;
}
SwishFuzzyWordFree( fuzzy_word );
If the stemmer does not convert the string (for example attempting to stem
numeric data) the word_list will contain the original word. To tell if the
stemmer actually stemmed the word check the return value with
SwishFuzzyWordError().
- int SwishFuzzyWordError( SW_FUZZYWORD fw );
- This returns zero if the stemming operation was sucessfull,
otherwise it returns a value indicating the reason the word was not
stemmed. The return values are defined in the swish-e src/stemmer.h file.
Not all stemmers set this value correctly. But since
SwishFuzzyWordList() will return a valid string regardless of the
return value, you can often just ignore this setting. That's what I
do.
- int SwishFuzzyWordCount( SW_FUZZYWORD fw );
- Returns the count of string in the word list available by
calling SwishFuzzyWordList().
This is normally just one, but in the case of DoubleMetaphone it can be one
or two (i.e. DoubleMetaphone can return one or two strings).
- const char *SwishFuzzyMode( SW_RESULT r );
- Returns the name of the stemmer used for the given result
(which is related to an index).
- void SwishFuzzyWordFree( SW_FUZZYWORD fw );
- Frees the memory used by the SW_FUZZYWORD.
Please report bug reports to the Swish-e discussion group. Feel also free to
improve or enhance this feature.
Original interface: Aug 2000 Jose Ruiz
[email protected]
Updated: Aug 22, 2002 - Bill Moseley
Interface redesigned for Swish-e version 2.3 Oct 17, 2002 - Bill Moseley
$Id: SWISH-LIBRARY.pod 1906 2007-02-07 19:25:16Z moseley $
.