NAME
growisofs - combined genisoimage frontend/DVD recording program.SYNOPSIS
growisofs [ -dry-run] [ -dvd-compat] [ -overburn] [ -speed=1] -[ Z|M] /dev/dvd <genisoimage-options>DESCRIPTION
growisofs was originally designed as a frontend to genisoimage to facilitate appending of data to ISO9660 volumes residing on random-access media such as DVD+RW, DVD-RAM, plain files, hard disk partitions. In the course of development general purpose DVD recording support was implemented, and as of now growisofs supports not only random-access media, but even mastering of multisession DVD media such as DVD+R and DVD-R/-RW, as well as Blu-ray Disc. In addition growisofs supports first-/single-session recording of arbitrary pre-mastered image (formatted as UDF, ISO9660 or any other file system, if formatted at all) to all supported DVD media types.OPTIONS
- -Z /dev/dvd
- Burn an initial session to the selected device. A special form of this option is recognized to support burning of pre-mastered images. See EXAMPLES section for further details.
- -M /dev/dvd
- Merge a new session to an existing one.
- -version
- Print version information and invoke genisoimage, also with -version option.
- -dvd-compat
- Provide maximum media compatibility with DVD-ROM/-Video. In write-once DVD+R or DVD-R context this results in unappendable recording (closed disk). In DVD+RW context it instructs the logical unit to explicitly burn [otherwise optional] lead-out.
- -dry-run
- At dry-run growisofs performs all the steps till, but not including the first write operation. Most notably check for "overburn" condition is performed, which implies that genisoimage is invoked and terminated prematurely.
- -overburn
- Normally single layer DVD media can accommodate up to approximately 4.700.000.000 bytes (in marketing speech 4.7GB). In other words a DVD can contain about 4.377 GiB or 4482 MiB. Same kind of arithmetics applies to Blu-ray Disc capacity of 25.000.000.000 bytes. Anyway, growisofs won't start without this option, if "overburn" condition appears to be unavoidable.
- -speed=N
- An option to control recording velocity. Most commonly you'll use -speed=1 with "no-name" media, if default speed setting messes up the media. Keep in mind that N essentially denotes speed closest to N*1385KBps in DVD or N*4496KBps in Blu-ray Disc case among those offered by unit for currently mounted media. The list can be found in dvd+rw-mediainfo output. Note that Blu-ray Disc recordings are commonly performed at ~1/2 of advertised speed, because of defect management being in effect.
- <genisoimage-options>
- More options can be found in the manpage for genisoimage.
DIFFERENCES WITH RUNNING GENISOIMAGE DIRECTLY
When using growisofs you may not use the -o option for an output file. growisofs dumps the image directly to the media; You don't have to specify the -C option to create a higher level session on a multisession disk, growisofs will construct one for you; Otherwise everything that applies to [multisession] mastering with genisoimage applies to growisofs as well. growisofs needs at least mkisofs version 1.14, version 2.0 is required for multisession write-once recordings or genisoimage.EXAMPLES
Actual device names vary from one operating system to another. We use /dev/dvd as a collective name or as symbolic link to the actual device if you wish. Under Linux it will most likely be an ide-scsi device such as "/dev/scd0." Under NetBSD/OpenBSD it has to be a character SCSI CD-ROM device such as "/dev/rcd0c." Under Solaris it also has to be a character SCSI/ATAPI CD-ROM device, e.g. "/dev/rdsk/c0t1d0s2" or "/vol/dev/aliases/cdrom0." And likewise in HP-UX, IRIX and Mac OS X...growisofs -M /dev/dvd -R -J /more/files
NOTES
If executed under sudo(8) growisofs refuses to start. This is done for the following reason. Naturally growisofs has to access the data set to be recorded to optical media, either indirectly by letting genisoimage generate ISO9660 layout on-the-fly or directly if a pre-mastered image is to be recorded. Being executed under sudo(8), growisofs effectively grants sudoers read access to any file in the file system. The situation is intensified by the fact that growisofs parses GENISOIMAGE environment variable in order to determine alternative path to genisoimage executable image. This means that being executed under sudo(8), growisofs effectively grants sudoers right to execute program of their choice with elevated privileges. If you for any reason still find the above acceptable and are willing to take the consequences, then consider running following wrapper script under sudo(8) in place for real growisofs binary.#!/bin/ksh unset SUDO_COMMAND export GENISOIMAGE=/path/to/trusted/genisoimage exec growisofs "$@"
- •
- not all DVD-ROM players are capable of multi-border DVD-R playback, even less are aware of DVD+R multisessioning, burner unit therefore might be the only one in your vicinity capable of accessing files written at different occasions;
- •
- OS might fail to mount multisession DVD for various reasons;
SEE ALSO
Most up-to-date information on dvd+rw-tools is available at http://fy.chalmers.se/~appro/linux/DVD+RW/. The manpage for genisoimage.AUTHORS
Andy Polyakov <[email protected]> stands for programming and on-line information.LICENSE
growisofs is distributed under GNU GPL.1 Mar 2008 | growisofs 7.1 |