NAME
mdadm - manage MD devices aka Linux Software RAIDSYNOPSIS
mdadm [mode] <raiddevice> [options] <component-devices>DESCRIPTION
RAID devices are virtual devices created from two or more real block devices. This allows multiple devices (typically disk drives or partitions thereof) to be combined into a single device to hold (for example) a single filesystem. Some RAID levels include redundancy and so can survive some degree of device failure.MODES
mdadm has several major modes of operation:- Assemble
- Assemble the components of a previously created array into an active array. Components can be explicitly given or can be searched for. mdadm checks that the components do form a bona fide array, and can, on request, fiddle superblock information so as to assemble a faulty array.
- Build
- Build an array that doesn't have per-device metadata (superblocks). For these sorts of arrays, mdadm cannot differentiate between initial creation and subsequent assembly of an array. It also cannot perform any checks that appropriate components have been requested. Because of this, the Build mode should only be used together with a complete understanding of what you are doing.
- Create
- Create a new array with per-device metadata (superblocks). Appropriate metadata is written to each device, and then the array comprising those devices is activated. A 'resync' process is started to make sure that the array is consistent (e.g. both sides of a mirror contain the same data) but the content of the device is left otherwise untouched. The array can be used as soon as it has been created. There is no need to wait for the initial resync to finish.
- Follow or Monitor
- Monitor one or more md devices and act on any state changes. This is only meaningful for RAID1, 4, 5, 6, 10 or multipath arrays, as only these have interesting state. RAID0 or Linear never have missing, spare, or failed drives, so there is nothing to monitor.
- Grow
- Grow (or shrink) an array, or otherwise reshape it in some way. Currently supported growth options including changing the active size of component devices and changing the number of active devices in Linear and RAID levels 0/1/4/5/6, changing the RAID level between 0, 1, 5, and 6, and between 0 and 10, changing the chunk size and layout for RAID 0,4,5,6,10 as well as adding or removing a write-intent bitmap and changing the array's consistency policy.
- Incremental Assembly
- Add a single device to an appropriate array. If the addition of the device makes the array runnable, the array will be started. This provides a convenient interface to a hot-plug system. As each device is detected, mdadm has a chance to include it in some array as appropriate. Optionally, when the --fail flag is passed in we will remove the device from any active array instead of adding it. If a CONTAINER is passed to mdadm in this mode, then any arrays within that container will be assembled and started.
- Manage
- This is for doing things to specific components of an array such as adding new spares and removing faulty devices.
- Misc
- This is an 'everything else' mode that supports operations on active arrays, operations on component devices such as erasing old superblocks, and information gathering operations.
- Auto-detect
- This mode does not act on a specific device or array, but rather it requests the Linux Kernel to activate any auto-detected arrays.
OPTIONS
Options for selecting a mode are:
- -A, --assemble
- Assemble a pre-existing array.
- -B, --build
- Build a legacy array without superblocks.
- -C, --create
- Create a new array.
- -F, --follow, --monitor
- Select Monitor mode.
- -G, --grow
- Change the size or shape of an active array.
- -I, --incremental
- Add/remove a single device to/from an appropriate array, and possibly start the array.
- --auto-detect
- Request that the kernel starts any auto-detected arrays. This can only work if md is compiled into the kernel — not if it is a module. Arrays can be auto-detected by the kernel if all the components are in primary MS-DOS partitions with partition type FD, and all use v0.90 metadata. In-kernel autodetect is not recommended for new installations. Using mdadm to detect and assemble arrays — possibly in an initrd — is substantially more flexible and should be preferred.
Options that are not mode-specific are:
- -h, --help
- Display general help message or, after one of the above options, a mode-specific help message.
- --help-options
- Display more detailed help about command line parsing and some commonly used options.
- -V, --version
- Print version information for mdadm.
- -v, --verbose
- Be more verbose about what is happening. This can be used twice to be extra-verbose. The extra verbosity currently only affects --detail --scan and --examine --scan.
- -q, --quiet
- Avoid printing purely informative messages. With this, mdadm will be silent unless there is something really important to report.
- -f, --force
- Be more forceful about certain operations. See the various modes for the exact meaning of this option in different contexts.
- -c, --config=
- Specify the config file or directory. Default is to use
/etc/mdadm/mdadm.conf and /etc/mdadm/mdadm.conf.d, or if
those are missing then /etc/mdadm.conf and
/etc/mdadm.conf.d. If the config file given is partitions
then nothing will be read, but mdadm will act as though the config
file contained exactly
- -s, --scan
- Scan config file or /proc/mdstat for missing information. In general, this option gives mdadm permission to get any missing information (like component devices, array devices, array identities, and alert destination) from the configuration file (see previous option); one exception is MISC mode when using --detail or --stop, in which case --scan says to get a list of array devices from /proc/mdstat.
- -e, --metadata=
- Declare the style of RAID metadata (superblock) to be used. The default is 1.2 for --create, and to guess for other operations. The default can be overridden by setting the metadata value for the CREATE keyword in mdadm.conf. Options are:
- 0, 0.90
- Use the original 0.90 format superblock. This format limits arrays to 28 component devices and limits component devices of levels 1 and greater to 2 terabytes. It is also possible for there to be confusion about whether the superblock applies to a whole device or just the last partition, if that partition starts on a 64K boundary.
- 1, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2 default
- Use the new version-1 format superblock. This has fewer restrictions. It can easily be moved between hosts with different endian-ness, and a recovery operation can be checkpointed and restarted. The different sub-versions store the superblock at different locations on the device, either at the end (for 1.0), at the start (for 1.1) or 4K from the start (for 1.2). "1" is equivalent to "1.2" (the commonly preferred 1.x format). "default" is equivalent to "1.2".
- ddf
- Use the "Industry Standard" DDF (Disk Data Format) format defined by SNIA. When creating a DDF array a CONTAINER will be created, and normal arrays can be created in that container.
- imsm
- Use the Intel(R) Matrix Storage Manager metadata format. This creates a CONTAINER which is managed in a similar manner to DDF, and is supported by an option-rom on some platforms:
- --homehost=
- This will override any HOMEHOST setting in the config file and provides the identity of the host which should be considered the home for any arrays. When creating an array, the homehost will be recorded in the metadata. For version-1 superblocks, it will be prefixed to the array name. For version-0.90 superblocks, part of the SHA1 hash of the hostname will be stored in the later half of the UUID. When reporting information about an array, any array which is tagged for the given homehost will be reported as such. When using Auto-Assemble, only arrays tagged for the given homehost will be allowed to use 'local' names (i.e. not ending in '_' followed by a digit string). See below under Auto Assembly. The special name " any" can be used as a wild card. If an array is created with --homehost=any then the name " any" will be stored in the array and it can be assembled in the same way on any host. If an array is assembled with this option, then the homehost recorded on the array will be ignored.
- --prefer=
- When mdadm needs to print the name for a device it normally finds the name in /dev which refers to the device and is shortest. When a path component is given with --prefer mdadm will prefer a longer name if it contains that component. For example --prefer=by-uuid will prefer a name in a subdirectory of /dev called by-uuid. This functionality is currently only provided by --detail and --monitor.
- --home-cluster=
- specifies the cluster name for the md device. The md device can be assembled only on the cluster which matches the name specified. If this option is not provided, mdadm tries to detect the cluster name automatically.
For create, build, or grow:
- -n, --raid-devices=
- Specify the number of active devices in the array. This,
plus the number of spare devices (see below) must equal the number of
component-devices (including " missing" devices)
that are listed on the command line for --create. Setting a value
of 1 is probably a mistake and so requires that --force be
specified first. A value of 1 will then be allowed for linear, multipath,
RAID0 and RAID1. It is never allowed for RAID4, RAID5 or RAID6.
- -x, --spare-devices=
- Specify the number of spare (eXtra) devices in the initial array. Spares can also be added and removed later. The number of component devices listed on the command line must equal the number of RAID devices plus the number of spare devices.
- -z, --size=
- Amount (in Kilobytes) of space to use from each drive in RAID levels 1/4/5/6. This must be a multiple of the chunk size, and must leave about 128Kb of space at the end of the drive for the RAID superblock. When specified as ¸max¸ (as it often is) the smallest drive (or partition) sets the size. In that case, a warning will follow if the drives, as a group, have sizes that differ by more than one percent. A suffix of 'K', 'M', 'G' or 'T' can be given to indicate Kilobytes, Megabytes, Gigabytes or Terabytes respectively. Sometimes a replacement drive can be a little smaller than the original drives though this should be minimised by IDEMA standards. Such a replacement drive will be rejected by md. To guard against this it can be useful to set the initial size slightly smaller than the smaller device with the aim that it will still be larger than any replacement. This value can be set with --grow for RAID level 1/4/5/6 though DDF arrays may not be able to support this. If the array was created with a size smaller than the currently active drives, the extra space can be accessed using --grow. The size can be given as max which means to choose the largest size that fits on all current drives. Before reducing the size of the array (with --grow --size=) you should make sure that space isn't needed. If the device holds a filesystem, you would need to resize the filesystem to use less space. After reducing the array size you should check that the data stored in the device is still available. If the device holds a filesystem, then an 'fsck' of the filesystem is a minimum requirement. If there are problems the array can be made bigger again with no loss with another --grow --size= command. This value cannot be used when creating a CONTAINER such as with DDF and IMSM metadata, though it perfectly valid when creating an array inside a container.
- -Z, --array-size=
- This is only meaningful with --grow and its effect is not persistent: when the array is stopped and restarted the default array size will be restored. Setting the array-size causes the array to appear smaller to programs that access the data. This is particularly needed before reshaping an array so that it will be smaller. As the reshape is not reversible, but setting the size with --array-size is, it is required that the array size is reduced as appropriate before the number of devices in the array is reduced. Before reducing the size of the array you should make sure that space isn't needed. If the device holds a filesystem, you would need to resize the filesystem to use less space. After reducing the array size you should check that the data stored in the device is still available. If the device holds a filesystem, then an 'fsck' of the filesystem is a minimum requirement. If there are problems the array can be made bigger again with no loss with another --grow --array-size= command. A suffix of 'K', 'M', 'G' or 'T' can be given to indicate Kilobytes, Megabytes, Gigabytes or Terabytes respectively. A value of max restores the apparent size of the array to be whatever the real amount of available space is. Clustered arrays do not support this parameter yet.
- -c, --chunk=
- Specify chunk size of kilobytes. The default when creating an array is 512KB. To ensure compatibility with earlier versions, the default when building an array with no persistent metadata is 64KB. This is only meaningful for RAID0, RAID4, RAID5, RAID6, and RAID10. RAID4, RAID5, RAID6, and RAID10 require the chunk size to be a power of 2. In any case it must be a multiple of 4KB. A suffix of 'K', 'M', 'G' or 'T' can be given to indicate Kilobytes, Megabytes, Gigabytes or Terabytes respectively.
- --rounding=
- Specify rounding factor for a Linear array. The size of each component will be rounded down to a multiple of this size. This is a synonym for --chunk but highlights the different meaning for Linear as compared to other RAID levels. The default is 64K if a kernel earlier than 2.6.16 is in use, and is 0K (i.e. no rounding) in later kernels.
- -l, --level=
- Set RAID level. When used with --create, options are: linear, raid0, 0, stripe, raid1, 1, mirror, raid4, 4, raid5, 5, raid6, 6, raid10, 10, multipath, mp, faulty, container. Obviously some of these are synonymous. When a CONTAINER metadata type is requested, only the container level is permitted, and it does not need to be explicitly given. When used with --build, only linear, stripe, raid0, 0, raid1, multipath, mp, and faulty are valid. Can be used with --grow to change the RAID level in some cases. See LEVEL CHANGES below.
- -p, --layout=
- This option configures the fine details of data layout for RAID5, RAID6, and RAID10 arrays, and controls the failure modes for faulty. It can also be used for working around a kernel bug with RAID0, but generally doesn't need to be used explicitly. The layout of the RAID5 parity block can be one of left-asymmetric, left-symmetric, right-asymmetric, right-symmetric, la, ra, ls, rs. The default is left-symmetric. It is also possible to cause RAID5 to use a RAID4-like layout by choosing parity-first, or parity-last. Finally for RAID5 there are DDF-compatible layouts, ddf-zero-restart, ddf-N-restart, and ddf-N-continue. These same layouts are available for RAID6. There are also 4 layouts that will provide an intermediate stage for converting between RAID5 and RAID6. These provide a layout which is identical to the corresponding RAID5 layout on the first N-1 devices, and has the 'Q' syndrome (the second 'parity' block used by RAID6) on the last device. These layouts are: left-symmetric-6, right-symmetric-6, left-asymmetric-6, right-asymmetric-6, and parity-first-6. When setting the failure mode for level faulty, the options are: write-transient, wt, read-transient, rt, write-persistent, wp, read-persistent, rp, write-all, read-fixable, rf, clear, flush, none. Each failure mode can be followed by a number, which is used as a period between fault generation. Without a number, the fault is generated once on the first relevant request. With a number, the fault will be generated after that many requests, and will continue to be generated every time the period elapses. Multiple failure modes can be current simultaneously by using the --grow option to set subsequent failure modes. "clear" or "none" will remove any pending or periodic failure modes, and "flush" will clear any persistent faults. The layout options for RAID10 are one of 'n', 'o' or 'f' followed by a small number. The default is 'n2'. The supported options are: 'n' signals 'near' copies. Multiple copies of one data block are at similar offsets in different devices. 'o' signals 'offset' copies. Rather than the chunks being duplicated within a stripe, whole stripes are duplicated but are rotated by one device so duplicate blocks are on different devices. Thus subsequent copies of a block are in the next drive, and are one chunk further down. 'f' signals 'far' copies (multiple copies have very different offsets). See md(4) for more detail about 'near', 'offset', and 'far'. The number is the number of copies of each datablock. 2 is normal, 3 can be useful. This number can be at most equal to the number of devices in the array. It does not need to divide evenly into that number (e.g. it is perfectly legal to have an 'n2' layout for an array with an odd number of devices). A bug introduced in Linux 3.14 means that RAID0 arrays with devices of differing sizes started using a different layout. This could lead to data corruption. Since Linux 5.4 (and various stable releases that received backports), the kernel will not accept such an array unless a layout is explicitly set. It can be set to 'original' or 'alternate'. When creating a new array, mdadm will select 'original' by default, so the layout does not normally need to be set. An array created for either 'original' or 'alternate' will not be recognized by an (unpatched) kernel prior to 5.4. To create a RAID0 array with devices of differing sizes that can be used on an older kernel, you can set the layout to 'dangerous'. This will use whichever layout the running kernel supports, so the data on the array may become corrupt when changing kernel from pre-3.14 to a later kernel. When an array is converted between RAID5 and RAID6 an intermediate RAID6 layout is used in which the second parity block (Q) is always on the last device. To convert a RAID5 to RAID6 and leave it in this new layout (which does not require re-striping) use --layout=preserve. This will try to avoid any restriping. The converse of this is --layout=normalise which will change a non-standard RAID6 layout into a more standard arrangement.
- --parity=
- same as --layout (thus explaining the p of -p).
- -b, --bitmap=
- Specify a file to store a write-intent bitmap in. The file should not exist unless --force is also given. The same file should be provided when assembling the array. If the word internal is given, then the bitmap is stored with the metadata on the array, and so is replicated on all devices. If the word none is given with --grow mode, then any bitmap that is present is removed. If the word clustered is given, the array is created for a clustered environment. One bitmap is created for each node as defined by the --nodes parameter and are stored internally. To help catch typing errors, the filename must contain at least one slash ('/') if it is a real file (not 'internal' or 'none'). Note: external bitmaps are only known to work on ext2 and ext3. Storing bitmap files on other filesystems may result in serious problems. When creating an array on devices which are 100G or larger, mdadm automatically adds an internal bitmap as it will usually be beneficial. This can be suppressed with --bitmap=none or by selecting a different consistency policy with --consistency-policy.
- --bitmap-chunk=
- Set the chunksize of the bitmap. Each bit corresponds to that many Kilobytes of storage. When using a file based bitmap, the default is to use the smallest size that is at-least 4 and requires no more than 2^21 chunks. When using an internal bitmap, the chunksize defaults to 64Meg, or larger if necessary to fit the bitmap into the available space. A suffix of 'K', 'M', 'G' or 'T' can be given to indicate Kilobytes, Megabytes, Gigabytes or Terabytes respectively.
- -W, --write-mostly
- subsequent devices listed in a --build, --create, or --add command will be flagged as 'write-mostly'. This is valid for RAID1 only and means that the 'md' driver will avoid reading from these devices if at all possible. This can be useful if mirroring over a slow link.
- --write-behind=
- Specify that write-behind mode should be enabled (valid for RAID1 only). If an argument is specified, it will set the maximum number of outstanding writes allowed. The default value is 256. A write-intent bitmap is required in order to use write-behind mode, and write-behind is only attempted on drives marked as write-mostly.
- --failfast
- subsequent devices listed in a --create or --add command will be flagged as 'failfast'. This is valid for RAID1 and RAID10 only. IO requests to these devices will be encouraged to fail quickly rather than cause long delays due to error handling. Also no attempt is made to repair a read error on these devices. If an array becomes degraded so that the 'failfast' device is the only usable device, the 'failfast' flag will then be ignored and extended delays will be preferred to complete failure. The 'failfast' flag is appropriate for storage arrays which have a low probability of true failure, but which may sometimes cause unacceptable delays due to internal maintenance functions.
- --assume-clean
- Tell mdadm that the array pre-existed and is known to be clean. It can be useful when trying to recover from a major failure as you can be sure that no data will be affected unless you actually write to the array. It can also be used when creating a RAID1 or RAID10 if you want to avoid the initial resync, however this practice — while normally safe — is not recommended. Use this only if you really know what you are doing.
- When the devices that will be part of a new array were filled with zeros before creation the operator knows the array is actually clean. If that is the case, such as after running badblocks, this argument can be used to tell mdadm the facts the operator knows.
- When an array is resized to a larger size with --grow --size= the new space is normally resynced in that same way that the whole array is resynced at creation. From Linux version 3.0, --assume-clean can be used with that command to avoid the automatic resync.
- --backup-file=
- This is needed when --grow is used to increase the number of raid-devices in a RAID5 or RAID6 if there are no spare devices available, or to shrink, change RAID level or layout. See the GROW MODE section below on RAID-DEVICES CHANGES. The file must be stored on a separate device, not on the RAID array being reshaped.
- --data-offset=
- Arrays with 1.x metadata can leave a gap between the start of the device and the start of array data. This gap can be used for various metadata. The start of data is known as the data-offset. Normally an appropriate data offset is computed automatically. However it can be useful to set it explicitly such as when re-creating an array which was originally created using a different version of mdadm which computed a different offset. Setting the offset explicitly over-rides the default. The value given is in Kilobytes unless a suffix of 'K', 'M', 'G' or 'T' is used to explicitly indicate Kilobytes, Megabytes, Gigabytes or Terabytes respectively. Since Linux 3.4, --data-offset can also be used with --grow for some RAID levels (initially on RAID10). This allows the data-offset to be changed as part of the reshape process. When the data offset is changed, no backup file is required as the difference in offsets is used to provide the same functionality. When the new offset is earlier than the old offset, the number of devices in the array cannot shrink. When it is after the old offset, the number of devices in the array cannot increase. When creating an array, --data-offset can be specified as variable. In the case each member device is expected to have a offset appended to the name, separated by a colon. This makes it possible to recreate exactly an array which has varying data offsets (as can happen when different versions of mdadm are used to add different devices).
- --continue
- This option is complementary to the --freeze-reshape option for assembly. It is needed when --grow operation is interrupted and it is not restarted automatically due to --freeze-reshape usage during array assembly. This option is used together with -G , ( --grow ) command and device for a pending reshape to be continued. All parameters required for reshape continuation will be read from array metadata. If initial --grow command had required --backup-file= option to be set, continuation option will require to have exactly the same backup file given as well.
- Any other parameter passed together with --continue option will be ignored.
- -N, --name=
- Set a name for the array. This is currently only effective when creating an array with a version-1 superblock, or an array in a DDF container. The name is a simple textual string that can be used to identify array components when assembling. If name is needed but not specified, it is taken from the basename of the device that is being created. e.g. when creating /dev/md/home the name will default to home. (Does not work in Grow mode.)
- -R, --run
- Insist that mdadm run the array, even if some of the components appear to be active in another array or filesystem. Normally mdadm will ask for confirmation before including such components in an array. This option causes that question to be suppressed.
- -f, --force
- Insist that mdadm accept the geometry and layout specified without question. Normally mdadm will not allow creation of an array with only one device, and will try to create a RAID5 array with one missing drive (as this makes the initial resync work faster). With --force, mdadm will not try to be so clever.
- -o, --readonly
- Start the array read only rather than read-write as normal. No writes will be allowed to the array, and no resync, recovery, or reshape will be started. It works with Create, Assemble, Manage and Misc mode.
- -a, --auto{=yes,md,mdp,part,p}{NN}
- Instruct mdadm how to create the device file if needed, possibly allocating an unused minor number. "md" causes a non-partitionable array to be used (though since Linux 2.6.28, these array devices are in fact partitionable). "mdp", "part" or "p" causes a partitionable array (2.6 and later) to be used. "yes" requires the named md device to have a 'standard' format, and the type and minor number will be determined from this. With mdadm 3.0, device creation is normally left up to udev so this option is unlikely to be needed. See DEVICE NAMES below. The argument can also come immediately after "-a". e.g. "-ap". If --auto is not given on the command line or in the config file, then the default will be --auto=yes. If --scan is also given, then any auto= entries in the config file will override the --auto instruction given on the command line. For partitionable arrays, mdadm will create the device file for the whole array and for the first 4 partitions. A different number of partitions can be specified at the end of this option (e.g. --auto=p7). If the device name ends with a digit, the partition names add a 'p', and a number, e.g. /dev/md/home1p3. If there is no trailing digit, then the partition names just have a number added, e.g. /dev/md/scratch3. If the md device name is in a 'standard' format as described in DEVICE NAMES, then it will be created, if necessary, with the appropriate device number based on that name. If the device name is not in one of these formats, then a unused device number will be allocated. The device number will be considered unused if there is no active array for that number, and there is no entry in /dev for that number and with a non-standard name. Names that are not in 'standard' format are only allowed in "/dev/md/". This is meaningful with --create or --build.
- -a, --add
- This option can be used in Grow mode in two cases. If the target array is a Linear array, then --add can be used to add one or more devices to the array. They are simply catenated on to the end of the array. Once added, the devices cannot be removed. If the --raid-disks option is being used to increase the number of devices in an array, then --add can be used to add some extra devices to be included in the array. In most cases this is not needed as the extra devices can be added as spares first, and then the number of raid-disks can be changed. However for RAID0, it is not possible to add spares. So to increase the number of devices in a RAID0, it is necessary to set the new number of devices, and to add the new devices, in the same command.
- --nodes
- Only works when the array is for clustered environment. It specifies the maximum number of nodes in the cluster that will use this device simultaneously. If not specified, this defaults to 4.
- --write-journal
- Specify journal device for the RAID-4/5/6 array. The journal device should be a SSD with reasonable lifetime.
- --symlinks
- Auto creation of symlinks in /dev to /dev/md, option --symlinks must be 'no' or 'yes' and work with --create and --build.
- -k, --consistency-policy=
- Specify how the array maintains consistency in case of unexpected shutdown. Only relevant for RAID levels with redundancy. Currently supported options are:
- resync
- Full resync is performed and all redundancy is regenerated when the array is started after unclean shutdown.
- bitmap
- Resync assisted by a write-intent bitmap. Implicitly selected when using --bitmap.
- journal
- For RAID levels 4/5/6, journal device is used to log transactions and replay after unclean shutdown. Implicitly selected when using --write-journal.
- ppl
- For RAID5 only, Partial Parity Log is used to close the write hole and eliminate resync. PPL is stored in the metadata region of RAID member drives, no additional journal drive is needed.
For assemble:
- -u, --uuid=
- uuid of array to assemble. Devices which don't have this uuid are excluded
- -m, --super-minor=
- Minor number of device that array was created for. Devices which don't have this minor number are excluded. If you create an array as /dev/md1, then all superblocks will contain the minor number 1, even if the array is later assembled as /dev/md2. Giving the literal word "dev" for --super-minor will cause mdadm to use the minor number of the md device that is being assembled. e.g. when assembling /dev/md0, --super-minor=dev will look for super blocks with a minor number of 0. --super-minor is only relevant for v0.90 metadata, and should not normally be used. Using --uuid is much safer.
- -N, --name=
- Specify the name of the array to assemble. This must be the name that was specified when creating the array. It must either match the name stored in the superblock exactly, or it must match with the current homehost prefixed to the start of the given name.
- -f, --force
- Assemble the array even if the metadata on some devices appears to be out-of-date. If mdadm cannot find enough working devices to start the array, but can find some devices that are recorded as having failed, then it will mark those devices as working so that the array can be started. This works only for native. For external metadata it allows one to start dirty degraded RAID 4, 5, 6. An array which requires --force to be started may contain data corruption. Use it carefully.
- -R, --run
- Attempt to start the array even if fewer drives were given than were present last time the array was active. Normally if not all the expected drives are found and --scan is not used, then the array will be assembled but not started. With --run an attempt will be made to start it anyway.
- --no-degraded
- This is the reverse of --run in that it inhibits the startup of array unless all expected drives are present. This is only needed with --scan, and can be used if the physical connections to devices are not as reliable as you would like.
- -a, --auto{=no,yes,md,mdp,part}
- See this option under Create and Build options.
- -b, --bitmap=
- Specify the bitmap file that was given when the array was created. If an array has an internal bitmap, there is no need to specify this when assembling the array.
- --backup-file=
- If --backup-file was used while reshaping an array (e.g. changing number of devices or chunk size) and the system crashed during the critical section, then the same --backup-file must be presented to --assemble to allow possibly corrupted data to be restored, and the reshape to be completed.
- --invalid-backup
- If the file needed for the above option is not available for any reason an empty file can be given together with this option to indicate that the backup file is invalid. In this case the data that was being rearranged at the time of the crash could be irrecoverably lost, but the rest of the array may still be recoverable. This option should only be used as a last resort if there is no way to recover the backup file.
- -U, --update=
- Update the superblock on each device while assembling the array. The argument given to this flag can be one of sparc2.2, summaries, uuid, name, nodes, homehost, home-cluster, resync, byteorder, devicesize, no-bitmap, bbl, no-bbl, ppl, no-ppl, layout-original, layout-alternate, layout-unspecified, metadata, or super-minor. The sparc2.2 option will adjust the superblock of an array what was created on a Sparc machine running a patched 2.2 Linux kernel. This kernel got the alignment of part of the superblock wrong. You can use the --examine --sparc2.2 option to mdadm to see what effect this would have. The super-minor option will update the preferred minor field on each superblock to match the minor number of the array being assembled. This can be useful if --examine reports a different "Preferred Minor" to --detail. In some cases this update will be performed automatically by the kernel driver. In particular the update happens automatically at the first write to an array with redundancy (RAID level 1 or greater) on a 2.6 (or later) kernel. The uuid option will change the uuid of the array. If a UUID is given with the --uuid option that UUID will be used as a new UUID and will NOT be used to help identify the devices in the array. If no --uuid is given, a random UUID is chosen. The name option will change the name of the array as stored in the superblock. This is only supported for version-1 superblocks. The nodes option will change the nodes of the array as stored in the bitmap superblock. This option only works for a clustered environment. The homehost option will change the homehost as recorded in the superblock. For version-0 superblocks, this is the same as updating the UUID. For version-1 superblocks, this involves updating the name. The home-cluster option will change the cluster name as recorded in the superblock and bitmap. This option only works for clustered environment. The resync option will cause the array to be marked dirty meaning that any redundancy in the array (e.g. parity for RAID5, copies for RAID1) may be incorrect. This will cause the RAID system to perform a "resync" pass to make sure that all redundant information is correct. The byteorder option allows arrays to be moved between machines with different byte-order, such as from a big-endian machine like a Sparc or some MIPS machines, to a little-endian x86_64 machine. When assembling such an array for the first time after a move, giving --update=byteorder will cause mdadm to expect superblocks to have their byteorder reversed, and will correct that order before assembling the array. This is only valid with original (Version 0.90) superblocks. The summaries option will correct the summaries in the superblock. That is the counts of total, working, active, failed, and spare devices. The devicesize option will rarely be of use. It applies to version 1.1 and 1.2 metadata only (where the metadata is at the start of the device) and is only useful when the component device has changed size (typically become larger). The version 1 metadata records the amount of the device that can be used to store data, so if a device in a version 1.1 or 1.2 array becomes larger, the metadata will still be visible, but the extra space will not. In this case it might be useful to assemble the array with --update=devicesize. This will cause mdadm to determine the maximum usable amount of space on each device and update the relevant field in the metadata. The metadata option only works on v0.90 metadata arrays and will convert them to v1.0 metadata. The array must not be dirty (i.e. it must not need a sync) and it must not have a write-intent bitmap. The old metadata will remain on the devices, but will appear older than the new metadata and so will usually be ignored. The old metadata (or indeed the new metadata) can be removed by giving the appropriate --metadata= option to --zero-superblock. The no-bitmap option can be used when an array has an internal bitmap which is corrupt in some way so that assembling the array normally fails. It will cause any internal bitmap to be ignored. The bbl option will reserve space in each device for a bad block list. This will be 4K in size and positioned near the end of any free space between the superblock and the data. The no-bbl option will cause any reservation of space for a bad block list to be removed. If the bad block list contains entries, this will fail, as removing the list could cause data corruption. The ppl option will enable PPL for a RAID5 array and reserve space for PPL on each device. There must be enough free space between the data and superblock and a write-intent bitmap or journal must not be used. The no-ppl option will disable PPL in the superblock. The layout-original and layout-alternate options are for RAID0 arrays with non-uniform devices size that were in use before Linux 5.4. If the array was being used with Linux 3.13 or earlier, then to assemble the array on a new kernel, --update=layout-original must be given. If the array was created and used with a kernel from Linux 3.14 to Linux 5.3, then --update=layout-alternate must be given. This only needs to be given once. Subsequent assembly of the array will happen normally. For more information, see md(4). The layout-unspecified option reverts the effect of layout-orignal or layout-alternate and allows the array to be again used on a kernel prior to Linux 5.3. This option should be used with great caution.
- --freeze-reshape
- Option is intended to be used in start-up scripts during initrd boot phase. When array under reshape is assembled during initrd phase, this option stops reshape after reshape critical section is being restored. This happens before file system pivot operation and avoids loss of file system context. Losing file system context would cause reshape to be broken. Reshape can be continued later using the --continue option for the grow command.
- --symlinks
- See this option under Create and Build options.
For Manage mode:
- -t, --test
- Unless a more serious error occurred, mdadm will exit with a status of 2 if no changes were made to the array and 0 if at least one change was made. This can be useful when an indirect specifier such as missing, detached or faulty is used in requesting an operation on the array. --test will report failure if these specifiers didn't find any match.
- -a, --add
- hot-add listed devices. If a device appears to have recently been part of the array (possibly it failed or was removed) the device is re-added as described in the next point. If that fails or the device was never part of the array, the device is added as a hot-spare. If the array is degraded, it will immediately start to rebuild data onto that spare. Note that this and the following options are only meaningful on array with redundancy. They don't apply to RAID0 or Linear.
- --re-add
- re-add a device that was previously removed from an array. If the metadata on the device reports that it is a member of the array, and the slot that it used is still vacant, then the device will be added back to the array in the same position. This will normally cause the data for that device to be recovered. However based on the event count on the device, the recovery may only require sections that are flagged by a write-intent bitmap to be recovered or may not require any recovery at all. When used on an array that has no metadata (i.e. it was built with --build) it will be assumed that bitmap-based recovery is enough to make the device fully consistent with the array. When used with v1.x metadata, --re-add can be accompanied by --update=devicesize, --update=bbl, or --update=no-bbl. See the description of these option when used in Assemble mode for an explanation of their use. If the device name given is missing then mdadm will try to find any device that looks like it should be part of the array but isn't and will try to re-add all such devices. If the device name given is faulty then mdadm will find all devices in the array that are marked faulty, remove them and attempt to immediately re-add them. This can be useful if you are certain that the reason for failure has been resolved.
- --add-spare
- Add a device as a spare. This is similar to --add except that it does not attempt --re-add first. The device will be added as a spare even if it looks like it could be an recent member of the array.
- -r, --remove
- remove listed devices. They must not be active. i.e. they should be failed or spare devices. As well as the name of a device file (e.g. /dev/sda1) the words failed, detached and names like set-A can be given to --remove. The first causes all failed device to be removed. The second causes any device which is no longer connected to the system (i.e an 'open' returns ENXIO) to be removed. The third will remove a set as describe below under --fail.
- -f, --fail
- Mark listed devices as faulty. As well as the name of a device file, the word detached or a set name like set-A can be given. The former will cause any device that has been detached from the system to be marked as failed. It can then be removed. For RAID10 arrays where the number of copies evenly divides the number of devices, the devices can be conceptually divided into sets where each set contains a single complete copy of the data on the array. Sometimes a RAID10 array will be configured so that these sets are on separate controllers. In this case all the devices in one set can be failed by giving a name like set-A or set-B to --fail. The appropriate set names are reported by --detail.
- --set-faulty
- same as --fail.
- --replace
- Mark listed devices as requiring replacement. As soon as a spare is available, it will be rebuilt and will replace the marked device. This is similar to marking a device as faulty, but the device remains in service during the recovery process to increase resilience against multiple failures. When the replacement process finishes, the replaced device will be marked as faulty.
- --with
- This can follow a list of --replace devices. The devices listed after --with will be preferentially used to replace the devices listed after --replace. These device must already be spare devices in the array.
- --write-mostly
- Subsequent devices that are added or re-added will have the 'write-mostly' flag set. This is only valid for RAID1 and means that the 'md' driver will avoid reading from these devices if possible.
- --readwrite
- Subsequent devices that are added or re-added will have the 'write-mostly' flag cleared.
- --cluster-confirm
- Confirm the existence of the device. This is issued in response to an --add request by a node in a cluster. When a node adds a device it sends a message to all nodes in the cluster to look for a device with a UUID. This translates to a udev notification with the UUID of the device to be added and the slot number. The receiving node must acknowledge this message with --cluster-confirm. Valid arguments are <slot>:<devicename> in case the device is found or <slot>:missing in case the device is not found.
- --add-journal
- Add journal to an existing array, or recreate journal for RAID-4/5/6 array that lost a journal device. To avoid interrupting on-going write opertions, --add-journal only works for array in Read-Only state.
- --failfast
- Subsequent devices that are added or re-added will have the 'failfast' flag set. This is only valid for RAID1 and RAID10 and means that the 'md' driver will avoid long timeouts on error handling where possible.
- --nofailfast
- Subsequent devices that are re-added will be re-added without the 'failfast' flag set.
mdadm /dev/md0 --add /dev/sda1 --fail /dev/sdb1 --remove /dev/sdb1
Each operation applies to all devices listed until the next operation.
For Misc mode:
- -Q, --query
- Examine a device to see (1) if it is an md device and (2) if it is a component of an md array. Information about what is discovered is presented.
- -D, --detail
- Print details of one or more md devices.
- --detail-platform
- Print details of the platform's RAID capabilities (firmware / hardware topology) for a given metadata format. If used without argument, mdadm will scan all controllers looking for their capabilities. Otherwise, mdadm will only look at the controller specified by the argument in form of an absolute filepath or a link, e.g. /sys/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2.
- -Y, --export
- When used with --detail, --detail-platform, --examine, or --incremental output will be formatted as key=value pairs for easy import into the environment. With --incremental The value MD_STARTED indicates whether an array was started (yes) or not, which may include a reason (unsafe, nothing, no). Also the value MD_FOREIGN indicates if the array is expected on this host (no), or seems to be from elsewhere (yes).
- -E, --examine
- Print contents of the metadata stored on the named device(s). Note the contrast between --examine and --detail. --examine applies to devices which are components of an array, while --detail applies to a whole array which is currently active.
- --sparc2.2
- If an array was created on a SPARC machine with a 2.2 Linux kernel patched with RAID support, the superblock will have been created incorrectly, or at least incompatibly with 2.4 and later kernels. Using the --sparc2.2 flag with --examine will fix the superblock before displaying it. If this appears to do the right thing, then the array can be successfully assembled using --assemble --update=sparc2.2.
- -X, --examine-bitmap
- Report information about a bitmap file. The argument is either an external bitmap file or an array component in case of an internal bitmap. Note that running this on an array device (e.g. /dev/md0) does not report the bitmap for that array.
- --examine-badblocks
- List the bad-blocks recorded for the device, if a bad-blocks list has been configured. Currently only 1.x and IMSM metadata support bad-blocks lists.
- --dump=directory
- --restore=directory
- Save metadata from lists devices, or restore metadata to listed devices.
- -R, --run
- start a partially assembled array. If --assemble did not find enough devices to fully start the array, it might leaving it partially assembled. If you wish, you can then use --run to start the array in degraded mode.
- -S, --stop
- deactivate array, releasing all resources.
- -o, --readonly
- mark array as readonly.
- -w, --readwrite
- mark array as readwrite.
- --zero-superblock
- If the device contains a valid md superblock, the block is overwritten with zeros. With --force the block where the superblock would be is overwritten even if it doesn't appear to be valid. Note: Be careful to call --zero-superblock with clustered raid, make sure array isn't used or assembled in other cluster node before execute it.
- --kill-subarray=
- If the device is a container and the argument to --kill-subarray specifies an inactive subarray in the container, then the subarray is deleted. Deleting all subarrays will leave an 'empty-container' or spare superblock on the drives. See --zero-superblock for completely removing a superblock. Note that some formats depend on the subarray index for generating a UUID, this command will fail if it would change the UUID of an active subarray.
- --update-subarray=
- If the device is a container and the argument to --update-subarray specifies a subarray in the container, then attempt to update the given superblock field in the subarray. See below in MISC MODE for details.
- -t, --test
- When used with --detail, the exit status of mdadm is set to reflect the status of the device. See below in MISC MODE for details.
- -W, --wait
- For each md device given, wait for any resync, recovery, or reshape activity to finish before returning. mdadm will return with success if it actually waited for every device listed, otherwise it will return failure.
- --wait-clean
- For each md device given, or each device in /proc/mdstat if --scan is given, arrange for the array to be marked clean as soon as possible. mdadm will return with success if the array uses external metadata and we successfully waited. For native arrays this returns immediately as the kernel handles dirty-clean transitions at shutdown. No action is taken if safe-mode handling is disabled.
- --action=
- Set the "sync_action" for all md devices given to one of idle, frozen, check, repair. Setting to idle will abort any currently running action though some actions will automatically restart. Setting to frozen will abort any current action and ensure no other action starts automatically. Details of check and repair can be found in md(4) under SCRUBBING AND MISMATCHES.
For Incremental Assembly mode:
- --rebuild-map, -r
- Rebuild the map file (/run/mdadm/map) that mdadm uses to help track which arrays are currently being assembled.
- --run, -R
- Run any array assembled as soon as a minimal number of devices are available, rather than waiting until all expected devices are present.
- --scan, -s
- Only meaningful with -R this will scan the map file for arrays that are being incrementally assembled and will try to start any that are not already started. If any such array is listed in mdadm.conf as requiring an external bitmap, that bitmap will be attached first.
- --fail, -f
- This allows the hot-plug system to remove devices that have fully disappeared from the kernel. It will first fail and then remove the device from any array it belongs to. The device name given should be a kernel device name such as "sda", not a name in /dev.
- --path=
- Only used with --fail. The 'path' given will be recorded so that if a new device appears at the same location it can be automatically added to the same array. This allows the failed device to be automatically replaced by a new device without metadata if it appears at specified path. This option is normally only set by a udev script.
For Monitor mode:
- -m, --mail
- Give a mail address to send alerts to.
- -p, --program, --alert
- Give a program to be run whenever an event is detected.
- -y, --syslog
- Cause all events to be reported through 'syslog'. The messages have facility of 'daemon' and varying priorities.
- -d, --delay
- Give a delay in seconds. mdadm polls the md arrays and then waits this many seconds before polling again. The default is 60 seconds. Since 2.6.16, there is no need to reduce this as the kernel alerts mdadm immediately when there is any change.
- -r, --increment
- Give a percentage increment. mdadm will generate RebuildNN events with the given percentage increment.
- -f, --daemonise
- Tell mdadm to run as a background daemon if it decides to monitor anything. This causes it to fork and run in the child, and to disconnect from the terminal. The process id of the child is written to stdout. This is useful with --scan which will only continue monitoring if a mail address or alert program is found in the config file.
- -i, --pid-file
- When mdadm is running in daemon mode, write the pid of the daemon process to the specified file, instead of printing it on standard output.
- -1, --oneshot
- Check arrays only once. This will generate NewArray
events and more significantly DegradedArray and
SparesMissing events. Running
mdadm --monitor --scan -1
from a cron script will ensure regular notification of any degraded arrays.
- -t, --test
- Generate a TestMessage alert for every array found at startup. This alert gets mailed and passed to the alert program. This can be used for testing that alert message do get through successfully.
- --no-sharing
- This inhibits the functionality for moving spares between arrays. Only one monitoring process started with --scan but without this flag is allowed, otherwise the two could interfere with each other.
ASSEMBLE MODE
Usage:
mdadm --assemble md-device
options-and-component-devices...
Usage:
mdadm --assemble --scan md-devices-and-options...
Usage:
mdadm --assemble --scan options...
This usage assembles one or more RAID arrays from pre-existing components. For
each array, mdadm needs to know the md device, the identity of the array, and
a number of component-devices. These can be found in a number of ways.
Auto Assembly
When --assemble is used with --scan and no devices are listed, mdadm will first attempt to assemble all the arrays listed in the config file.BUILD MODE
Usage:
mdadm --build md-device --chunk=X
--level=Y --raid-devices=Z devices
This usage is similar to --create. The difference is that it creates an
array without a superblock. With these arrays there is no difference between
initially creating the array and subsequently assembling the array, except
that hopefully there is useful data there in the second case.
CREATE MODE
Usage:
mdadm --create md-device --chunk=X
--level=Y
--raid-devices=Z devices
This usage will initialise a new md array, associate some devices with it, and
activate the array.
- --run
- insist on running the array even if some devices look like they might be in use.
- --readonly
- start the array in readonly mode.
MANAGE MODE
Usage:
mdadm device options... devices...
This usage will allow individual devices in an array to be failed, removed or
added. It is possible to perform multiple operations with on command. For
example:
MISC MODE
Usage:
mdadm options ... devices ...
MISC mode includes a number of distinct operations that operate on distinct
devices. The operations are:
- --query
- The device is examined to see if it is (1) an active md array, or (2) a component of an md array. The information discovered is reported.
- --detail
- The device should be an active md device. mdadm will display a detailed description of the array. --brief or --scan will cause the output to be less detailed and the format to be suitable for inclusion in mdadm.conf. The exit status of mdadm will normally be 0 unless mdadm failed to get useful information about the device(s); however, if the --test option is given, then the exit status will be:
- 0
- The array is functioning normally.
- 1
- The array has at least one failed device.
- 2
- The array has multiple failed devices such that it is unusable.
- 4
- There was an error while trying to get information about the device.
- --detail-platform
- Print detail of the platform's RAID capabilities (firmware / hardware topology). If the metadata is specified with -e or --metadata= then the return status will be:
- 0
- metadata successfully enumerated its platform components on this system
- 1
- metadata is platform independent
- 2
- metadata failed to find its platform components on this system
- --update-subarray=
- If the device is a container and the argument to --update-subarray specifies a subarray in the container, then attempt to update the given superblock field in the subarray. Similar to updating an array in "assemble" mode, the field to update is selected by -U or --update= option. The supported options are name, ppl, no-ppl, bitmap and no-bitmap. The name option updates the subarray name in the metadata, it may not affect the device node name or the device node symlink until the subarray is re-assembled. If updating name would change the UUID of an active subarray this operation is blocked, and the command will end in an error. The ppl and no-ppl options enable and disable PPL in the metadata. Currently supported only for IMSM subarrays. The bitmap and no-bitmap options enable and disable write-intent bitmap in the metadata. Currently supported only for IMSM subarrays.
- --examine
- The device should be a component of an md array. mdadm will read the md superblock of the device and display the contents. If --brief or --scan is given, then multiple devices that are components of the one array are grouped together and reported in a single entry suitable for inclusion in mdadm.conf. Having --scan without listing any devices will cause all devices listed in the config file to be examined.
- --dump=directory
- If the device contains RAID metadata, a file will be created in the directory and the metadata will be written to it. The file will be the same size as the device and have the metadata written in the file at the same locate that it exists in the device. However the file will be "sparse" so that only those blocks containing metadata will be allocated. The total space used will be small. The file name used in the directory will be the base name of the device. Further if any links appear in /dev/disk/by-id which point to the device, then hard links to the file will be created in directory based on these by-id names. Multiple devices can be listed and their metadata will all be stored in the one directory.
- --restore=directory
- This is the reverse of --dump. mdadm will locate a file in the directory that has a name appropriate for the given device and will restore metadata from it. Names that match /dev/disk/by-id names are preferred, however if two of those refer to different files, mdadm will not choose between them but will abort the operation. If a file name is given instead of a directory then mdadm will restore from that file to a single device, always provided the size of the file matches that of the device, and the file contains valid metadata.
- --stop
- The devices should be active md arrays which will be deactivated, as long as they are not currently in use.
- --run
- This will fully activate a partially assembled md array.
- --readonly
- This will mark an active array as read-only, providing that it is not currently being used.
- --readwrite
- This will change a readonly array back to being read/write.
- --scan
- For all operations except --examine, --scan will cause the operation to be applied to all arrays listed in /proc/mdstat. For --examine, --scan causes all devices listed in the config file to be examined.
- -b, --brief
- Be less verbose. This is used with --detail and --examine. Using --brief with --verbose gives an intermediate level of verbosity.
MONITOR MODE
Usage:
mdadm --monitor options... devices...
This usage causes mdadm to periodically poll a number of md arrays and to
report on any events noticed. mdadm will never exit once it decides
that there are arrays to be checked, so it should normally be run in the
background.
- DeviceDisappeared
- An md array which previously was configured appears to no longer be configured. (syslog priority: Critical) If mdadm was told to monitor an array which is RAID0 or Linear, then it will report DeviceDisappeared with the extra information Wrong-Level. This is because RAID0 and Linear do not support the device-failed, hot-spare and resync operations which are monitored.
- RebuildStarted
- An md array started reconstruction (e.g. recovery, resync, reshape, check, repair). (syslog priority: Warning)
- RebuildNN
- Where NN is a two-digit number (ie. 05, 48). This indicates that rebuild has passed that many percent of the total. The events are generated with fixed increment since 0. Increment size may be specified with a commandline option (default is 20). (syslog priority: Warning)
- RebuildFinished
- An md array that was rebuilding, isn't any more, either because it finished normally or was aborted. (syslog priority: Warning)
- Fail
- An active component device of an array has been marked as faulty. (syslog priority: Critical)
- FailSpare
- A spare component device which was being rebuilt to replace a faulty device has failed. (syslog priority: Critical)
- SpareActive
- A spare component device which was being rebuilt to replace a faulty device has been successfully rebuilt and has been made active. (syslog priority: Info)
- NewArray
- A new md array has been detected in the /proc/mdstat file. (syslog priority: Info)
- DegradedArray
- A newly noticed array appears to be degraded. This message is not generated when mdadm notices a drive failure which causes degradation, but only when mdadm notices that an array is degraded when it first sees the array. (syslog priority: Critical)
- MoveSpare
- A spare drive has been moved from one array in a spare-group or domain to another to allow a failed drive to be replaced. (syslog priority: Info)
- SparesMissing
- If mdadm has been told, via the config file, that an array should have a certain number of spare devices, and mdadm detects that it has fewer than this number when it first sees the array, it will report a SparesMissing message. (syslog priority: Warning)
- TestMessage
- An array was found at startup, and the --test flag was given. (syslog priority: Info)
GROW MODE
The GROW mode is used for changing the size or shape of an active array. For this to work, the kernel must support the necessary change. Various types of growth are being added during 2.6 development.- •
- change the "size" attribute for RAID1, RAID4, RAID5 and RAID6.
- •
- increase or decrease the "raid-devices" attribute of RAID0, RAID1, RAID4, RAID5, and RAID6.
- •
- change the chunk-size and layout of RAID0, RAID4, RAID5, RAID6 and RAID10.
- •
- convert between RAID1 and RAID5, between RAID5 and RAID6, between RAID0, RAID4, and RAID5, and between RAID0 and RAID10 (in the near-2 mode).
- •
- add a write-intent bitmap to any array which supports these bitmaps, or remove a write-intent bitmap from such an array.
- •
- change the array's consistency policy.
- •
- Intel's native checkpointing doesn't use --backup-file option and it is transparent for assembly feature.
- •
- Roaming between Windows(R) and Linux systems for IMSM metadata is not supported during grow process.
- •
- When growing a raid0 device, the new component disk size (or external backup size) should be larger than LCM(old, new) * chunk-size * 2, where LCM() is the least common multiple of the old and new count of component disks, and "* 2" comes from the fact that mdadm refuses to use more than half of a spare device for backup space.
SIZE CHANGES
Normally when an array is built the "size" is taken from the smallest of the drives. If all the small drives in an arrays are, one at a time, removed and replaced with larger drives, then you could have an array of large drives with only a small amount used. In this situation, changing the "size" with "GROW" mode will allow the extra space to start being used. If the size is increased in this way, a "resync" process will start to make sure the new parts of the array are synchronised.RAID-DEVICES CHANGES
A RAID1 array can work with any number of devices from 1 upwards (though 1 is not very useful). There may be times which you want to increase or decrease the number of active devices. Note that this is different to hot-add or hot-remove which changes the number of inactive devices.LEVEL CHANGES
Changing the RAID level of any array happens instantaneously. However in the RAID5 to RAID6 case this requires a non-standard layout of the RAID6 data, and in the RAID6 to RAID5 case that non-standard layout is required before the change can be accomplished. So while the level change is instant, the accompanying layout change can take quite a long time. A --backup-file is required. If the array is not simultaneously being grown or shrunk, so that the array size will remain the same - for example, reshaping a 3-drive RAID5 into a 4-drive RAID6 - the backup file will be used not just for a "critical section" but throughout the reshape operation, as described below under LAYOUT CHANGES.CHUNK-SIZE AND LAYOUT CHANGES
Changing the chunk-size or layout without also changing the number of devices as the same time will involve re-writing all blocks in-place. To ensure against data loss in the case of a crash, a --backup-file must be provided for these changes. Small sections of the array will be copied to the backup file while they are being rearranged. This means that all the data is copied twice, once to the backup and once to the new layout on the array, so this type of reshape will go very slowly.BITMAP CHANGES
A write-intent bitmap can be added to, or removed from, an active array. Either internal bitmaps, or bitmaps stored in a separate file, can be added. Note that if you add a bitmap stored in a file which is in a filesystem that is on the RAID array being affected, the system will deadlock. The bitmap must be on a separate filesystem.CONSISTENCY POLICY CHANGES
The consistency policy of an active array can be changed by using the --consistency-policy option in Grow mode. Currently this works only for the ppl and resync policies and allows one to enable or disable the RAID5 Partial Parity Log (PPL).INCREMENTAL MODE
Usage:
mdadm --incremental [--run] [--quiet]
component-device [optional-aliases-for-device]
Usage:
mdadm --incremental --fail component-device
Usage:
mdadm --incremental --rebuild-map
Usage:
mdadm --incremental --run --scan
This mode is designed to be used in conjunction with a device discovery system.
As devices are found in a system, they can be passed to mdadm
--incremental to be conditionally added to an appropriate array.
- +
- Is the device permitted by mdadm.conf? That is, is it listed in a DEVICES line in that file. If DEVICES is absent then the default it to allow any device. Similarly if DEVICES contains the special word partitions then any device is allowed. Otherwise the device name given to mdadm, or one of the aliases given, or an alias found in the filesystem, must match one of the names or patterns in a DEVICES line. This is the only context where the aliases are used. They are usually provided by a udev rules mentioning $env{DEVLINKS}.
- +
- Does the device have a valid md superblock? If a specific metadata version is requested with --metadata or -e then only that style of metadata is accepted, otherwise mdadm finds any known version of metadata. If no md metadata is found, the device may be still added to an array as a spare if POLICY allows.
ENVIRONMENT
This section describes environment variables that affect how mdadm operates.- MDADM_NO_MDMON
- Setting this value to 1 will prevent mdadm from automatically launching mdmon. This variable is intended primarily for debugging mdadm/mdmon.
- MDADM_NO_UDEV
- Normally, mdadm does not create any device nodes in /dev, but leaves that task to udev. If udev appears not to be configured, or if this environment variable is set to '1', the mdadm will create and devices that are needed.
- MDADM_NO_SYSTEMCTL
- If mdadm detects that systemd is in use it will normally request systemd to start various background tasks (particularly mdmon) rather than forking and running them in the background. This can be suppressed by setting MDADM_NO_SYSTEMCTL=1.
- IMSM_NO_PLATFORM
- A key value of IMSM metadata is that it allows interoperability with boot ROMs on Intel platforms, and with other major operating systems. Consequently, mdadm will only allow an IMSM array to be created or modified if detects that it is running on an Intel platform which supports IMSM, and supports the particular configuration of IMSM that is being requested (some functionality requires newer OROM support). These checks can be suppressed by setting IMSM_NO_PLATFORM=1 in the environment. This can be useful for testing or for disaster recovery. You should be aware that interoperability may be compromised by setting this value.
- MDADM_GROW_ALLOW_OLD
- If an array is stopped while it is performing a reshape and that reshape was making use of a backup file, then when the array is re-assembled mdadm will sometimes complain that the backup file is too old. If this happens and you are certain it is the right backup file, you can over-ride this check by setting MDADM_GROW_ALLOW_OLD=1 in the environment.
- MDADM_CONF_AUTO
- Any string given in this variable is added to the start of
the AUTO line in the config file, or treated as the whole
AUTO line if none is given. It can be used to disable certain
metadata types when mdadm is called from a boot script. For example
EXAMPLES
mdadm --query /dev/name-of-deviceFILES
/proc/mdstat
If you're using the /proc filesystem, /proc/mdstat lists all active md devices with information about them. mdadm uses this to find arrays when --scan is given in Misc mode, and to monitor array reconstruction on Monitor mode./etc/mdadm/mdadm.conf (or /etc/mdadm.conf)
The config file lists which devices may be scanned to see if they contain MD super block, and gives identifying information (e.g. UUID) about known MD arrays. See mdadm.conf(5) for more details./etc/mdadm/mdadm.conf.d (or /etc/mdadm.conf.d)
A directory containing configuration files which are read in lexical order./run/mdadm/map
When --incremental mode is used, this file gets a list of arrays currently being created.DEVICE NAMES
mdadm understand two sorts of names for array devices.- /dev/mdNN
- /dev/md_dNN
- /dev/md_XXX
NOTE
mdadm was previously known as mdctl.SEE ALSO
For further information on mdadm usage, MD and the various levels of RAID, see: (based upon Jakob Østergaard's Software-RAID.HOWTO) The latest version of mdadm should always be available from Related man pages: mdmon(8), mdadm.conf(5), md(4).v4.2 |