ntfsrecover - Recover updates committed by Windows on an NTFS volume
ntfsrecover [
options]
device
ntfsrecover applies to the metadata the updates which were requested on
Windows but could not be completed because they were interrupted by some event
such as a power failure, a hardware crash, a software crash or the device
being unplugged. Doing so, the file system is restored to a consistent state,
however updates to user data may still be lost.
Updating the file system generally requires updating several records which
should all be made for the file system to be kept consistent. For instance,
creating a new file requires reserving an inode number (set a bit in a bit
map), creating a file record (store the file name and file attributes), and
registering the file in a directory (locate the file from some path). When an
unfortunate event occurs, and one of these updates could be done but not all
of them, the file system is left inconsistent.
A group of updates which have all to be done to preserve consistency is called a
transaction, and the end of updates within a transaction is called the
commitment of the transaction.
To protect from unfortunate events, Windows first logs in a special file all the
metadata update requests without applying any, until the commitment is known.
If the event occurs before the commitment, no update has been made and the
file system is consistent. If the event occurs after the update, the log file
can be analyzed later and the transactions which were committed can be
executed again, thus restoring the integrity of the file system.
ntfsrecover similarly examines the log file and applies the updates
within committed transactions which could not be done by Windows.
Currently, ntfs-3g does not log updates, so
ntfsrecover cannot be used to
restore consistency after an unfortunate event occurred while the file system
was updated by Linux.
Below is a summary of all the options that
ntfsrecover accepts. The
normal usage is to use no option at all, as most of these options are oriented
towards developers needs.
Nearly all options have two equivalent names. The short name is preceded by
- and the long name is preceded by
--. Any single letter
options, that don't take an argument, can be combined into a single command,
e.g.
-bv is equivalent to
-b -v. Long named options can be
abbreviated to any unique prefix of their name.
-
-b, --backward
- Examine the actions described in the logfile backward from
the latest one to the earliest one without applying any update. This may
encompass records generated during several sessions, and when Windows is
restarted, it often does not restart writing where it ended the previous
session, so this leads to errors and bad sequencing when examining the
full log file.
-
-c, --clusters CLUSTER-RANGE
- Restrict the output generated when using options -b -f -u
-p to the actions operating on a cluster within the given cluster range.
CLUSTER-RANGE is defined by the first and last cluster numbers separated
by a hyphen, for instance 100-109 or 0x3e8-0x3ff. A single number means
restricting to a single cluster. The first four log blocks have a special
role and they are always shown.
-
-f, --forward NUM
- Examine the actions described in the logfile forward from
the first one to the last one without applying any update. As the log file
is reused circularly, the first one is generally not the earliest.
Moreover when Windows is restarted, it often does not restart writing
where it ended the previous sessions, and this leads to errors when
examining a log file generated during several sessions.
-
-h, --help
- Show some help information.
-
-k, --kill-fast-restart
- When Windows has been interrupted with fast restart mode
activated, part of pending changes are kept in the Windows cache and only
the same Windows version can recover them. This option can be used to
apply the changes recorded in the log file and drop the ones in the
Windows cache. This is dangerous and may cause loss of data.
-
-n, --no-action
- Do not apply any modification, useful when using the
options -p, -s or -u.
-
-p, --play COUNT
- Undo COUNT transaction sets and redo a single one, a
transaction set being all transactions between two consecutive
checkpoints. This is useful for replaying some transaction in the past. As
a few actions are not undoable, this is not always possible.
-
-r, --range BLOCK-RANGE
- Examine the actions described in the logfile forward
restricted to the requested log file block range without applying any
update. The first four log blocks have a special role and they are always
examined.
-
-s, --sync
- Sync the file system by applying the committed actions
which have not been synced previously. This is the default option, used
when none of the options -n, -f, -r, -p and -u are present.
The option -s can be repeated to request applying the committed actions
mentioned in the obsolete restart page. This is useful for testing the
situations where the latest restart page cannot be read though it can
actually be read.
-
-t, --transactions COUNT
- Display the transaction parameters when examining the log
file with one of the options --forward, --backward or --range.
-
-u, --undo COUNT
- Undo COUNT transaction sets, thus resetting the file system
to some checkpoint in the past, a transaction set being all transactions
between two consecutive checkpoints. As a few actions are not undoable,
this is not always possible.
-
-v, --verbose
- Display more debug/warning/error messages. This option may
be used twice to display even more information.
-
-V, --version
- Show the version number, copyright and license of
ntfsrecover.
Sync an NTFS volume on /dev/sda1.
Display all actions which updated a cluster in range 100 to 119 :
ntfsrecover --verbose --backward --clusters=100-119 /dev/sda1
If you find a bug please send an email describing the problem to the development
team:
[email protected]
ntfsrecover was written by Jean-Pierre Andre
ntfsrecover is part of the
ntfs-3g package and is available from:
https://github.com/tuxera/ntfs-3g/wiki/
ntfs-3g(8),
ntfsfix(8),
ntfsprogs(8)