PCRE - Perl-compatible regular expressions
#include <pcre.h>
pcre *pcre_compile(const char *pattern, int options,
const char **errptr, int *erroffset,
const unsigned char *tableptr);
pcre *pcre_compile2(const char *pattern, int options,
int *errorcodeptr,
const char **errptr, int *erroffset,
const unsigned char *tableptr);
pcre_extra *pcre_study(const pcre *code, int options,
const char **errptr);
void pcre_free_study(pcre_extra *extra);
int pcre_exec(const pcre *code, const pcre_extra *extra,
const char *subject, int length, int startoffset,
int options, int *ovector, int ovecsize);
int pcre_dfa_exec(const pcre *code, const pcre_extra *extra,
const char *subject, int length, int startoffset,
int options, int *ovector, int ovecsize,
int *workspace, int wscount);
int pcre_copy_named_substring(const pcre *code,
const char *subject, int *ovector,
int stringcount, const char *stringname,
char *buffer, int buffersize);
int pcre_copy_substring(const char *subject, int *ovector,
int stringcount, int stringnumber, char *buffer,
int buffersize);
int pcre_get_named_substring(const pcre *code,
const char *subject, int *ovector,
int stringcount, const char *stringname,
const char **stringptr);
int pcre_get_stringnumber(const pcre *code,
const char *name);
int pcre_get_stringtable_entries(const pcre *code,
const char *name, char **first, char **last);
int pcre_get_substring(const char *subject, int *ovector,
int stringcount, int stringnumber,
const char **stringptr);
int pcre_get_substring_list(const char *subject,
int *ovector, int stringcount, const char ***listptr);
void pcre_free_substring(const char *stringptr);
void pcre_free_substring_list(const char **stringptr);
int pcre_jit_exec(const pcre *code, const pcre_extra *extra,
const char *subject, int length, int startoffset,
int options, int *ovector, int ovecsize,
pcre_jit_stack *jstack);
pcre_jit_stack *pcre_jit_stack_alloc(int startsize, int maxsize);
void pcre_jit_stack_free(pcre_jit_stack *stack);
void pcre_assign_jit_stack(pcre_extra *extra,
pcre_jit_callback callback, void *data);
const unsigned char *pcre_maketables(void);
int pcre_fullinfo(const pcre *code, const pcre_extra *extra,
int what, void *where);
int pcre_refcount(pcre *code, int adjust);
int pcre_config(int what, void *where);
const char *pcre_version(void);
int pcre_pattern_to_host_byte_order(pcre *code,
pcre_extra *extra, const unsigned char *tables);
void *(*pcre_malloc)(size_t);
void (*pcre_free)(void *);
void *(*pcre_stack_malloc)(size_t);
void (*pcre_stack_free)(void *);
int (*pcre_callout)(pcre_callout_block *);
int (*pcre_stack_guard)(void);
As well as support for 8-bit character strings, PCRE also supports 16-bit
strings (from release 8.30) and 32-bit strings (from release 8.32), by means
of two additional libraries. They can be built as well as, or instead of, the
8-bit library. To avoid too much complication, this document describes the
8-bit versions of the functions, with only occasional references to the 16-bit
and 32-bit libraries.
The 16-bit and 32-bit functions operate in the same way as their 8-bit
counterparts; they just use different data types for their arguments and
results, and their names start with
pcre16_ or
pcre32_ instead
of
pcre_. For every option that has UTF8 in its name (for example,
PCRE_UTF8), there are corresponding 16-bit and 32-bit names with UTF8 replaced
by UTF16 or UTF32, respectively. This facility is in fact just cosmetic; the
16-bit and 32-bit option names define the same bit values.
References to bytes and UTF-8 in this document should be read as references to
16-bit data units and UTF-16 when using the 16-bit library, or 32-bit data
units and UTF-32 when using the 32-bit library, unless specified otherwise.
More details of the specific differences for the 16-bit and 32-bit libraries
are given in the
pcre16 and
pcre32 pages.
PCRE has its own native API, which is described in this document. There are also
some wrapper functions (for the 8-bit library only) that correspond to the
POSIX regular expression API, but they do not give access to all the
functionality. They are described in the
pcreposix documentation. Both
of these APIs define a set of C function calls. A C++ wrapper (again for the
8-bit library only) is also distributed with PCRE. It is documented in the
pcrecpp page.
The native API C function prototypes are defined in the header file
pcre.h, and on Unix-like systems the (8-bit) library itself is called
libpcre. It can normally be accessed by adding
-lpcre to the
command for linking an application that uses PCRE. The header file defines the
macros PCRE_MAJOR and PCRE_MINOR to contain the major and minor release
numbers for the library. Applications can use these to include support for
different releases of PCRE.
In a Windows environment, if you want to statically link an application program
against a non-dll
pcre.a file, you must define PCRE_STATIC before
including
pcre.h or
pcrecpp.h, because otherwise the
pcre_malloc() and
pcre_free() exported functions will be
declared
__declspec(dllimport), with unwanted results.
The functions
pcre_compile(),
pcre_compile2(),
pcre_study(), and
pcre_exec() are used for compiling and
matching regular expressions in a Perl-compatible manner. A sample program
that demonstrates the simplest way of using them is provided in the file
called
pcredemo.c in the PCRE source distribution. A listing of this
program is given in the
pcredemo documentation, and the
pcresample documentation describes how to compile and run it.
Just-in-time compiler support is an optional feature of PCRE that can be built
in appropriate hardware environments. It greatly speeds up the matching
performance of many patterns. Simple programs can easily request that it be
used if available, by setting an option that is ignored when it is not
relevant. More complicated programs might need to make use of the functions
pcre_jit_stack_alloc(),
pcre_jit_stack_free(), and
pcre_assign_jit_stack() in order to control the JIT code's memory
usage.
From release 8.32 there is also a direct interface for JIT execution, which
gives improved performance. The JIT-specific functions are discussed in the
pcrejit documentation.
A second matching function,
pcre_dfa_exec(), which is not
Perl-compatible, is also provided. This uses a different algorithm for the
matching. The alternative algorithm finds all possible matches (at a given
point in the subject), and scans the subject just once (unless there are
lookbehind assertions). However, this algorithm does not return captured
substrings. A description of the two matching algorithms and their advantages
and disadvantages is given in the
pcrematching documentation.
In addition to the main compiling and matching functions, there are convenience
functions for extracting captured substrings from a subject string that is
matched by
pcre_exec(). They are:
pcre_copy_substring()
pcre_copy_named_substring()
pcre_get_substring()
pcre_get_named_substring()
pcre_get_substring_list()
pcre_get_stringnumber()
pcre_get_stringtable_entries()
pcre_free_substring() and
pcre_free_substring_list() are also
provided, to free the memory used for extracted strings.
The function
pcre_maketables() is used to build a set of character tables
in the current locale for passing to
pcre_compile(),
pcre_exec(), or
pcre_dfa_exec(). This is an optional facility
that is provided for specialist use. Most commonly, no special tables are
passed, in which case internal tables that are generated when PCRE is built
are used.
The function
pcre_fullinfo() is used to find out information about a
compiled pattern. The function
pcre_version() returns a pointer to a
string containing the version of PCRE and its date of release.
The function
pcre_refcount() maintains a reference count in a data block
containing a compiled pattern. This is provided for the benefit of
object-oriented applications.
The global variables
pcre_malloc and
pcre_free initially contain
the entry points of the standard
malloc() and
free() functions,
respectively. PCRE calls the memory management functions via these variables,
so a calling program can replace them if it wishes to intercept the calls.
This should be done before calling any PCRE functions.
The global variables
pcre_stack_malloc and
pcre_stack_free are
also indirections to memory management functions. These special functions are
used only when PCRE is compiled to use the heap for remembering data, instead
of recursive function calls, when running the
pcre_exec() function. See
the
pcrebuild documentation for details of how to do this. It is a
non-standard way of building PCRE, for use in environments that have limited
stacks. Because of the greater use of memory management, it runs more slowly.
Separate functions are provided so that special-purpose external code can be
used for this case. When used, these functions always allocate memory blocks
of the same size. There is a discussion about PCRE's stack usage in the
pcrestack documentation.
The global variable
pcre_callout initially contains NULL. It can be set
by the caller to a "callout" function, which PCRE will then call at
specified points during a matching operation. Details are given in the
pcrecallout documentation.
The global variable
pcre_stack_guard initially contains NULL. It can be
set by the caller to a function that is called by PCRE whenever it starts to
compile a parenthesized part of a pattern. When parentheses are nested, PCRE
uses recursive function calls, which use up the system stack. This function is
provided so that applications with restricted stacks can force a compilation
error if the stack runs out. The function should return zero if all is well,
or non-zero to force an error.
PCRE supports five different conventions for indicating line breaks in strings:
a single CR (carriage return) character, a single LF (linefeed) character, the
two-character sequence CRLF, any of the three preceding, or any Unicode
newline sequence. The Unicode newline sequences are the three just mentioned,
plus the single characters VT (vertical tab, U+000B), FF (form feed, U+000C),
NEL (next line, U+0085), LS (line separator, U+2028), and PS (paragraph
separator, U+2029).
Each of the first three conventions is used by at least one operating system as
its standard newline sequence. When PCRE is built, a default can be specified.
The default default is LF, which is the Unix standard. When PCRE is run, the
default can be overridden, either when a pattern is compiled, or when it is
matched.
At compile time, the newline convention can be specified by the
options
argument of
pcre_compile(), or it can be specified by special text at
the start of the pattern itself; this overrides any other settings. See the
pcrepattern page for details of the special character sequences.
In the PCRE documentation the word "newline" is used to mean "the
character or pair of characters that indicate a line break". The choice
of newline convention affects the handling of the dot, circumflex, and dollar
metacharacters, the handling of #-comments in /x mode, and, when CRLF is a
recognized line ending sequence, the match position advancement for a
non-anchored pattern. There is more detail about this in the section on
pcre_exec() options below.
The choice of newline convention does not affect the interpretation of the \n or
\r escape sequences, nor does it affect what \R matches, which is controlled
in a similar way, but by separate options.
The PCRE functions can be used in multi-threading applications, with the proviso
that the memory management functions pointed to by
pcre_malloc,
pcre_free,
pcre_stack_malloc, and
pcre_stack_free, and
the callout and stack-checking functions pointed to by
pcre_callout and
pcre_stack_guard, are shared by all threads.
The compiled form of a regular expression is not altered during matching, so the
same compiled pattern can safely be used by several threads at once.
If the just-in-time optimization feature is being used, it needs separate memory
stack areas for each thread. See the
pcrejit documentation for more
details.
The compiled form of a regular expression can be saved and re-used at a later
time, possibly by a different program, and even on a host other than the one
on which it was compiled. Details are given in the
pcreprecompile
documentation, which includes a description of the
pcre_pattern_to_host_byte_order() function. However, compiling a
regular expression with one version of PCRE for use with a different version
is not guaranteed to work and may cause crashes.
int pcre_config(int what, void *where);
The function
pcre_config() makes it possible for a PCRE client to
discover which optional features have been compiled into the PCRE library. The
pcrebuild documentation has more details about these optional features.
The first argument for
pcre_config() is an integer, specifying which
information is required; the second argument is a pointer to a variable into
which the information is placed. The returned value is zero on success, or the
negative error code PCRE_ERROR_BADOPTION if the value in the first argument is
not recognized. The following information is available:
PCRE_CONFIG_UTF8
The output is an integer that is set to one if UTF-8 support is available;
otherwise it is set to zero. This value should normally be given to the 8-bit
version of this function,
pcre_config(). If it is given to the 16-bit
or 32-bit version of this function, the result is PCRE_ERROR_BADOPTION.
PCRE_CONFIG_UTF16
The output is an integer that is set to one if UTF-16 support is available;
otherwise it is set to zero. This value should normally be given to the 16-bit
version of this function,
pcre16_config(). If it is given to the 8-bit
or 32-bit version of this function, the result is PCRE_ERROR_BADOPTION.
PCRE_CONFIG_UTF32
The output is an integer that is set to one if UTF-32 support is available;
otherwise it is set to zero. This value should normally be given to the 32-bit
version of this function,
pcre32_config(). If it is given to the 8-bit
or 16-bit version of this function, the result is PCRE_ERROR_BADOPTION.
PCRE_CONFIG_UNICODE_PROPERTIES
The output is an integer that is set to one if support for Unicode character
properties is available; otherwise it is set to zero.
PCRE_CONFIG_JIT
The output is an integer that is set to one if support for just-in-time
compiling is available; otherwise it is set to zero.
PCRE_CONFIG_JITTARGET
The output is a pointer to a zero-terminated "const char *" string. If
JIT support is available, the string contains the name of the architecture for
which the JIT compiler is configured, for example "x86 32bit (little
endian + unaligned)". If JIT support is not available, the result is
NULL.
PCRE_CONFIG_NEWLINE
The output is an integer whose value specifies the default character sequence
that is recognized as meaning "newline". The values that are
supported in ASCII/Unicode environments are: 10 for LF, 13 for CR, 3338 for
CRLF, -2 for ANYCRLF, and -1 for ANY. In EBCDIC environments, CR, ANYCRLF, and
ANY yield the same values. However, the value for LF is normally 21, though
some EBCDIC environments use 37. The corresponding values for CRLF are 3349
and 3365. The default should normally correspond to the standard sequence for
your operating system.
PCRE_CONFIG_BSR
The output is an integer whose value indicates what character sequences the \R
escape sequence matches by default. A value of 0 means that \R matches any
Unicode line ending sequence; a value of 1 means that \R matches only CR, LF,
or CRLF. The default can be overridden when a pattern is compiled or matched.
PCRE_CONFIG_LINK_SIZE
The output is an integer that contains the number of bytes used for internal
linkage in compiled regular expressions. For the 8-bit library, the value can
be 2, 3, or 4. For the 16-bit library, the value is either 2 or 4 and is still
a number of bytes. For the 32-bit library, the value is either 2 or 4 and is
still a number of bytes. The default value of 2 is sufficient for all but the
most massive patterns, since it allows the compiled pattern to be up to 64K in
size. Larger values allow larger regular expressions to be compiled, at the
expense of slower matching.
PCRE_CONFIG_POSIX_MALLOC_THRESHOLD
The output is an integer that contains the threshold above which the POSIX
interface uses
malloc() for output vectors. Further details are given
in the
pcreposix documentation.
PCRE_CONFIG_PARENS_LIMIT
The output is a long integer that gives the maximum depth of nesting of
parentheses (of any kind) in a pattern. This limit is imposed to cap the
amount of system stack used when a pattern is compiled. It is specified when
PCRE is built; the default is 250. This limit does not take into account the
stack that may already be used by the calling application. For finer control
over compilation stack usage, you can set a pointer to an external checking
function in
pcre_stack_guard.
PCRE_CONFIG_MATCH_LIMIT
The output is a long integer that gives the default limit for the number of
internal matching function calls in a
pcre_exec() execution. Further
details are given with
pcre_exec() below.
PCRE_CONFIG_MATCH_LIMIT_RECURSION
The output is a long integer that gives the default limit for the depth of
recursion when calling the internal matching function in a
pcre_exec()
execution. Further details are given with
pcre_exec() below.
PCRE_CONFIG_STACKRECURSE
The output is an integer that is set to one if internal recursion when running
pcre_exec() is implemented by recursive function calls that use the
stack to remember their state. This is the usual way that PCRE is compiled.
The output is zero if PCRE was compiled to use blocks of data on the heap
instead of recursive function calls. In this case,
pcre_stack_malloc
and
pcre_stack_free are called to manage memory blocks on the heap,
thus avoiding the use of the stack.
pcre *pcre_compile(const char *pattern, int options,
const char **errptr, int *erroffset,
const unsigned char *tableptr);
pcre *pcre_compile2(const char *pattern, int options,
int *errorcodeptr,
const char **errptr, int *erroffset,
const unsigned char *tableptr);
Either of the functions
pcre_compile() or
pcre_compile2() can be
called to compile a pattern into an internal form. The only difference between
the two interfaces is that
pcre_compile2() has an additional argument,
errorcodeptr, via which a numerical error code can be returned. To
avoid too much repetition, we refer just to
pcre_compile() below, but
the information applies equally to
pcre_compile2().
The pattern is a C string terminated by a binary zero, and is passed in the
pattern argument. A pointer to a single block of memory that is
obtained via
pcre_malloc is returned. This contains the compiled code
and related data. The
pcre type is defined for the returned block; this
is a typedef for a structure whose contents are not externally defined. It is
up to the caller to free the memory (via
pcre_free) when it is no
longer required.
Although the compiled code of a PCRE regex is relocatable, that is, it does not
depend on memory location, the complete
pcre data block is not fully
relocatable, because it may contain a copy of the
tableptr argument,
which is an address (see below).
The
options argument contains various bit settings that affect the
compilation. It should be zero if no options are required. The available
options are described below. Some of them (in particular, those that are
compatible with Perl, but some others as well) can also be set and unset from
within the pattern (see the detailed description in the
pcrepattern
documentation). For those options that can be different in different parts of
the pattern, the contents of the
options argument specifies their
settings at the start of compilation and execution. The PCRE_ANCHORED,
PCRE_BSR_
xxx, PCRE_NEWLINE_
xxx, PCRE_NO_UTF8_CHECK, and
PCRE_NO_START_OPTIMIZE options can be set at the time of matching as well as
at compile time.
If
errptr is NULL,
pcre_compile() returns NULL immediately.
Otherwise, if compilation of a pattern fails,
pcre_compile() returns
NULL, and sets the variable pointed to by
errptr to point to a textual
error message. This is a static string that is part of the library. You must
not try to free it. Normally, the offset from the start of the pattern to the
data unit that was being processed when the error was discovered is placed in
the variable pointed to by
erroffset, which must not be NULL (if it is,
an immediate error is given). However, for an invalid UTF-8 or UTF-16 string,
the offset is that of the first data unit of the failing character.
Some errors are not detected until the whole pattern has been scanned; in these
cases, the offset passed back is the length of the pattern. Note that the
offset is in data units, not characters, even in a UTF mode. It may sometimes
point into the middle of a UTF-8 or UTF-16 character.
If
pcre_compile2() is used instead of
pcre_compile(), and the
errorcodeptr argument is not NULL, a non-zero error code number is
returned via this argument in the event of an error. This is in addition to
the textual error message. Error codes and messages are listed below.
If the final argument,
tableptr, is NULL, PCRE uses a default set of
character tables that are built when PCRE is compiled, using the default C
locale. Otherwise,
tableptr must be an address that is the result of a
call to
pcre_maketables(). This value is stored with the compiled
pattern, and used again by
pcre_exec() and
pcre_dfa_exec() when
the pattern is matched. For more discussion, see the section on locale support
below.
This code fragment shows a typical straightforward call to
pcre_compile():
pcre *re;
const char *error;
int erroffset;
re = pcre_compile(
"^A.*Z", /* the pattern */
0, /* default options */
&error, /* for error message */
&erroffset, /* for error offset */
NULL); /* use default character tables */
The following names for option bits are defined in the
pcre.h header
file:
PCRE_ANCHORED
If this bit is set, the pattern is forced to be "anchored", that is,
it is constrained to match only at the first matching point in the string that
is being searched (the "subject string"). This effect can also be
achieved by appropriate constructs in the pattern itself, which is the only
way to do it in Perl.
PCRE_AUTO_CALLOUT
If this bit is set,
pcre_compile() automatically inserts callout items,
all with number 255, before each pattern item. For discussion of the callout
facility, see the
pcrecallout documentation.
PCRE_BSR_ANYCRLF
PCRE_BSR_UNICODE
These options (which are mutually exclusive) control what the \R escape sequence
matches. The choice is either to match only CR, LF, or CRLF, or to match any
Unicode newline sequence. The default is specified when PCRE is built. It can
be overridden from within the pattern, or by setting an option when a compiled
pattern is matched.
PCRE_CASELESS
If this bit is set, letters in the pattern match both upper and lower case
letters. It is equivalent to Perl's /i option, and it can be changed within a
pattern by a (?i) option setting. In UTF-8 mode, PCRE always understands the
concept of case for characters whose values are less than 128, so caseless
matching is always possible. For characters with higher values, the concept of
case is supported if PCRE is compiled with Unicode property support, but not
otherwise. If you want to use caseless matching for characters 128 and above,
you must ensure that PCRE is compiled with Unicode property support as well as
with UTF-8 support.
PCRE_DOLLAR_ENDONLY
If this bit is set, a dollar metacharacter in the pattern matches only at the
end of the subject string. Without this option, a dollar also matches
immediately before a newline at the end of the string (but not before any
other newlines). The PCRE_DOLLAR_ENDONLY option is ignored if PCRE_MULTILINE
is set. There is no equivalent to this option in Perl, and no way to set it
within a pattern.
PCRE_DOTALL
If this bit is set, a dot metacharacter in the pattern matches a character of
any value, including one that indicates a newline. However, it only ever
matches one character, even if newlines are coded as CRLF. Without this
option, a dot does not match when the current position is at a newline. This
option is equivalent to Perl's /s option, and it can be changed within a
pattern by a (?s) option setting. A negative class such as [^a] always matches
newline characters, independent of the setting of this option.
PCRE_DUPNAMES
If this bit is set, names used to identify capturing subpatterns need not be
unique. This can be helpful for certain types of pattern when it is known that
only one instance of the named subpattern can ever be matched. There are more
details of named subpatterns below; see also the
pcrepattern
documentation.
PCRE_EXTENDED
If this bit is set, most white space characters in the pattern are totally
ignored except when escaped or inside a character class. However, white space
is not allowed within sequences such as (?> that introduce various
parenthesized subpatterns, nor within a numerical quantifier such as {1,3}.
However, ignorable white space is permitted between an item and a following
quantifier and between a quantifier and a following + that indicates
possessiveness.
White space did not used to include the VT character (code 11), because Perl did
not treat this character as white space. However, Perl changed at release
5.18, so PCRE followed at release 8.34, and VT is now treated as white space.
PCRE_EXTENDED also causes characters between an unescaped # outside a character
class and the next newline, inclusive, to be ignored. PCRE_EXTENDED is
equivalent to Perl's /x option, and it can be changed within a pattern by a
(?x) option setting.
Which characters are interpreted as newlines is controlled by the options passed
to
pcre_compile() or by a special sequence at the start of the pattern,
as described in the section entitled "Newline conventions" in the
pcrepattern documentation. Note that the end of this type of comment is
a literal newline sequence in the pattern; escape sequences that happen to
represent a newline do not count.
This option makes it possible to include comments inside complicated patterns.
Note, however, that this applies only to data characters. White space
characters may never appear within special character sequences in a pattern,
for example within the sequence (?( that introduces a conditional subpattern.
PCRE_EXTRA
This option was invented in order to turn on additional functionality of PCRE
that is incompatible with Perl, but it is currently of very little use. When
set, any backslash in a pattern that is followed by a letter that has no
special meaning causes an error, thus reserving these combinations for future
expansion. By default, as in Perl, a backslash followed by a letter with no
special meaning is treated as a literal. (Perl can, however, be persuaded to
give an error for this, by running it with the -w option.) There are at
present no other features controlled by this option. It can also be set by a
(?X) option setting within a pattern.
PCRE_FIRSTLINE
If this option is set, an unanchored pattern is required to match before or at
the first newline in the subject string, though the matched text may continue
over the newline.
PCRE_JAVASCRIPT_COMPAT
If this option is set, PCRE's behaviour is changed in some ways so that it is
compatible with JavaScript rather than Perl. The changes are as follows:
(1) A lone closing square bracket in a pattern causes a compile-time error,
because this is illegal in JavaScript (by default it is treated as a data
character). Thus, the pattern AB]CD becomes illegal when this option is set.
(2) At run time, a back reference to an unset subpattern group matches an empty
string (by default this causes the current matching alternative to fail). A
pattern such as (\1)(a) succeeds when this option is set (assuming it can find
an "a" in the subject), whereas it fails by default, for Perl
compatibility.
(3) \U matches an upper case "U" character; by default \U causes a
compile time error (Perl uses \U to upper case subsequent characters).
(4) \u matches a lower case "u" character unless it is followed by
four hexadecimal digits, in which case the hexadecimal number defines the code
point to match. By default, \u causes a compile time error (Perl uses it to
upper case the following character).
(5) \x matches a lower case "x" character unless it is followed by two
hexadecimal digits, in which case the hexadecimal number defines the code
point to match. By default, as in Perl, a hexadecimal number is always
expected after \x, but it may have zero, one, or two digits (so, for example,
\xz matches a binary zero character followed by z).
PCRE_MULTILINE
By default, for the purposes of matching "start of line" and "end
of line", PCRE treats the subject string as consisting of a single line
of characters, even if it actually contains newlines. The "start of
line" metacharacter (^) matches only at the start of the string, and the
"end of line" metacharacter ($) matches only at the end of the
string, or before a terminating newline (except when PCRE_DOLLAR_ENDONLY is
set). Note, however, that unless PCRE_DOTALL is set, the "any
character" metacharacter (.) does not match at a newline. This behaviour
(for ^, $, and dot) is the same as Perl.
When PCRE_MULTILINE it is set, the "start of line" and "end of
line" constructs match immediately following or immediately before
internal newlines in the subject string, respectively, as well as at the very
start and end. This is equivalent to Perl's /m option, and it can be changed
within a pattern by a (?m) option setting. If there are no newlines in a
subject string, or no occurrences of ^ or $ in a pattern, setting
PCRE_MULTILINE has no effect.
PCRE_NEVER_UTF
This option locks out interpretation of the pattern as UTF-8 (or UTF-16 or
UTF-32 in the 16-bit and 32-bit libraries). In particular, it prevents the
creator of the pattern from switching to UTF interpretation by starting the
pattern with (*UTF). This may be useful in applications that process patterns
from external sources. The combination of PCRE_UTF8 and PCRE_NEVER_UTF also
causes an error.
PCRE_NEWLINE_CR
PCRE_NEWLINE_LF
PCRE_NEWLINE_CRLF
PCRE_NEWLINE_ANYCRLF
PCRE_NEWLINE_ANY
These options override the default newline definition that was chosen when PCRE
was built. Setting the first or the second specifies that a newline is
indicated by a single character (CR or LF, respectively). Setting
PCRE_NEWLINE_CRLF specifies that a newline is indicated by the two-character
CRLF sequence. Setting PCRE_NEWLINE_ANYCRLF specifies that any of the three
preceding sequences should be recognized. Setting PCRE_NEWLINE_ANY specifies
that any Unicode newline sequence should be recognized.
In an ASCII/Unicode environment, the Unicode newline sequences are the three
just mentioned, plus the single characters VT (vertical tab, U+000B), FF (form
feed, U+000C), NEL (next line, U+0085), LS (line separator, U+2028), and PS
(paragraph separator, U+2029). For the 8-bit library, the last two are
recognized only in UTF-8 mode.
When PCRE is compiled to run in an EBCDIC (mainframe) environment, the code for
CR is 0x0d, the same as ASCII. However, the character code for LF is normally
0x15, though in some EBCDIC environments 0x25 is used. Whichever of these is
not LF is made to correspond to Unicode's NEL character. EBCDIC codes are all
less than 256. For more details, see the
pcrebuild documentation.
The newline setting in the options word uses three bits that are treated as a
number, giving eight possibilities. Currently only six are used (default plus
the five values above). This means that if you set more than one newline
option, the combination may or may not be sensible. For example,
PCRE_NEWLINE_CR with PCRE_NEWLINE_LF is equivalent to PCRE_NEWLINE_CRLF, but
other combinations may yield unused numbers and cause an error.
The only time that a line break in a pattern is specially recognized when
compiling is when PCRE_EXTENDED is set. CR and LF are white space characters,
and so are ignored in this mode. Also, an unescaped # outside a character
class indicates a comment that lasts until after the next line break sequence.
In other circumstances, line break sequences in patterns are treated as
literal data.
The newline option that is set at compile time becomes the default that is used
for
pcre_exec() and
pcre_dfa_exec(), but it can be overridden.
PCRE_NO_AUTO_CAPTURE
If this option is set, it disables the use of numbered capturing parentheses in
the pattern. Any opening parenthesis that is not followed by ? behaves as if
it were followed by ?: but named parentheses can still be used for capturing
(and they acquire numbers in the usual way). There is no equivalent of this
option in Perl.
PCRE_NO_AUTO_POSSESS
If this option is set, it disables "auto-possessification". This is an
optimization that, for example, turns a+b into a++b in order to avoid
backtracks into a+ that can never be successful. However, if callouts are in
use, auto-possessification means that some of them are never taken. You can
set this option if you want the matching functions to do a full unoptimized
search and run all the callouts, but it is mainly provided for testing
purposes.
PCRE_NO_START_OPTIMIZE
This is an option that acts at matching time; that is, it is really an option
for
pcre_exec() or
pcre_dfa_exec(). If it is set at compile
time, it is remembered with the compiled pattern and assumed at matching time.
This is necessary if you want to use JIT execution, because the JIT compiler
needs to know whether or not this option is set. For details see the
discussion of PCRE_NO_START_OPTIMIZE below.
PCRE_UCP
This option changes the way PCRE processes \B, \b, \D, \d, \S, \s, \W, \w, and
some of the POSIX character classes. By default, only ASCII characters are
recognized, but if PCRE_UCP is set, Unicode properties are used instead to
classify characters. More details are given in the section on generic
character types in the
pcrepattern page. If you set PCRE_UCP, matching
one of the items it affects takes much longer. The option is available only if
PCRE has been compiled with Unicode property support.
PCRE_UNGREEDY
This option inverts the "greediness" of the quantifiers so that they
are not greedy by default, but become greedy if followed by "?". It
is not compatible with Perl. It can also be set by a (?U) option setting
within the pattern.
PCRE_UTF8
This option causes PCRE to regard both the pattern and the subject as strings of
UTF-8 characters instead of single-byte strings. However, it is available only
when PCRE is built to include UTF support. If not, the use of this option
provokes an error. Details of how this option changes the behaviour of PCRE
are given in the
pcreunicode page.
PCRE_NO_UTF8_CHECK
When PCRE_UTF8 is set, the validity of the pattern as a UTF-8 string is
automatically checked. There is a discussion about the validity of UTF-8
strings in the
pcreunicode page. If an invalid UTF-8 sequence is found,
pcre_compile() returns an error. If you already know that your pattern
is valid, and you want to skip this check for performance reasons, you can set
the PCRE_NO_UTF8_CHECK option. When it is set, the effect of passing an
invalid UTF-8 string as a pattern is undefined. It may cause your program to
crash or loop. Note that this option can also be passed to
pcre_exec()
and
pcre_dfa_exec(), to suppress the validity checking of subject
strings only. If the same string is being matched many times, the option can
be safely set for the second and subsequent matchings to improve performance.
The following table lists the error codes than may be returned by
pcre_compile2(), along with the error messages that may be returned by
both compiling functions. Note that error messages are always 8-bit ASCII
strings, even in 16-bit or 32-bit mode. As PCRE has developed, some error
codes have fallen out of use. To avoid confusion, they have not been re-used.
0 no error
1 \ at end of pattern
2 \c at end of pattern
3 unrecognized character follows \
4 numbers out of order in {} quantifier
5 number too big in {} quantifier
6 missing terminating ] for character class
7 invalid escape sequence in character class
8 range out of order in character class
9 nothing to repeat
10 [this code is not in use]
11 internal error: unexpected repeat
12 unrecognized character after (? or (?-
13 POSIX named classes are supported only within a class
14 missing )
15 reference to non-existent subpattern
16 erroffset passed as NULL
17 unknown option bit(s) set
18 missing ) after comment
19 [this code is not in use]
20 regular expression is too large
21 failed to get memory
22 unmatched parentheses
23 internal error: code overflow
24 unrecognized character after (?<
25 lookbehind assertion is not fixed length
26 malformed number or name after (?(
27 conditional group contains more than two branches
28 assertion expected after (?(
29 (?R or (?[+-]digits must be followed by )
30 unknown POSIX class name
31 POSIX collating elements are not supported
32 this version of PCRE is compiled without UTF support
33 [this code is not in use]
34 character value in \x{} or \o{} is too large
35 invalid condition (?(0)
36 \C not allowed in lookbehind assertion
37 PCRE does not support \L, \l, \N{name}, \U, or \u
38 number after (?C is > 255
39 closing ) for (?C expected
40 recursive call could loop indefinitely
41 unrecognized character after (?P
42 syntax error in subpattern name (missing terminator)
43 two named subpatterns have the same name
44 invalid UTF-8 string (specifically UTF-8)
45 support for \P, \p, and \X has not been compiled
46 malformed \P or \p sequence
47 unknown property name after \P or \p
48 subpattern name is too long (maximum 32 characters)
49 too many named subpatterns (maximum 10000)
50 [this code is not in use]
51 octal value is greater than \377 in 8-bit non-UTF-8 mode
52 internal error: overran compiling workspace
53 internal error: previously-checked referenced subpattern
not found
54 DEFINE group contains more than one branch
55 repeating a DEFINE group is not allowed
56 inconsistent NEWLINE options
57 \g is not followed by a braced, angle-bracketed, or quoted
name/number or by a plain number
58 a numbered reference must not be zero
59 an argument is not allowed for (*ACCEPT), (*FAIL), or (*COMMIT)
60 (*VERB) not recognized or malformed
61 number is too big
62 subpattern name expected
63 digit expected after (?+
64 ] is an invalid data character in JavaScript compatibility mode
65 different names for subpatterns of the same number are
not allowed
66 (*MARK) must have an argument
67 this version of PCRE is not compiled with Unicode property
support
68 \c must be followed by an ASCII character
69 \k is not followed by a braced, angle-bracketed, or quoted name
70 internal error: unknown opcode in find_fixedlength()
71 \N is not supported in a class
72 too many forward references
73 disallowed Unicode code point (>= 0xd800 && <= 0xdfff)
74 invalid UTF-16 string (specifically UTF-16)
75 name is too long in (*MARK), (*PRUNE), (*SKIP), or (*THEN)
76 character value in \u.... sequence is too large
77 invalid UTF-32 string (specifically UTF-32)
78 setting UTF is disabled by the application
79 non-hex character in \x{} (closing brace missing?)
80 non-octal character in \o{} (closing brace missing?)
81 missing opening brace after \o
82 parentheses are too deeply nested
83 invalid range in character class
84 group name must start with a non-digit
85 parentheses are too deeply nested (stack check)
The numbers 32 and 10000 in errors 48 and 49 are defaults; different values may
be used if the limits were changed when PCRE was built.
pcre_extra *pcre_study(const pcre *code, int options,
const char **errptr);
If a compiled pattern is going to be used several times, it is worth spending
more time analyzing it in order to speed up the time taken for matching. The
function
pcre_study() takes a pointer to a compiled pattern as its
first argument. If studying the pattern produces additional information that
will help speed up matching,
pcre_study() returns a pointer to a
pcre_extra block, in which the
study_data field points to the
results of the study.
The returned value from
pcre_study() can be passed directly to
pcre_exec() or
pcre_dfa_exec(). However, a
pcre_extra
block also contains other fields that can be set by the caller before the
block is passed; these are described below in the section on matching a
pattern.
If studying the pattern does not produce any useful information,
pcre_study() returns NULL by default. In that circumstance, if the
calling program wants to pass any of the other fields to
pcre_exec() or
pcre_dfa_exec(), it must set up its own
pcre_extra block.
However, if
pcre_study() is called with the PCRE_STUDY_EXTRA_NEEDED
option, it returns a
pcre_extra block even if studying did not find any
additional information. It may still return NULL, however, if an error occurs
in
pcre_study().
The second argument of
pcre_study() contains option bits. There are three
further options in addition to PCRE_STUDY_EXTRA_NEEDED:
PCRE_STUDY_JIT_COMPILE
PCRE_STUDY_JIT_PARTIAL_HARD_COMPILE
PCRE_STUDY_JIT_PARTIAL_SOFT_COMPILE
If any of these are set, and the just-in-time compiler is available, the pattern
is further compiled into machine code that executes much faster than the
pcre_exec() interpretive matching function. If the just-in-time
compiler is not available, these options are ignored. All undefined bits in
the
options argument must be zero.
JIT compilation is a heavyweight optimization. It can take some time for
patterns to be analyzed, and for one-off matches and simple patterns the
benefit of faster execution might be offset by a much slower study time. Not
all patterns can be optimized by the JIT compiler. For those that cannot be
handled, matching automatically falls back to the
pcre_exec()
interpreter. For more details, see the
pcrejit documentation.
The third argument for
pcre_study() is a pointer for an error message. If
studying succeeds (even if no data is returned), the variable it points to is
set to NULL. Otherwise it is set to point to a textual error message. This is
a static string that is part of the library. You must not try to free it. You
should test the error pointer for NULL after calling
pcre_study(), to
be sure that it has run successfully.
When you are finished with a pattern, you can free the memory used for the study
data by calling
pcre_free_study(). This function was added to the API
for release 8.20. For earlier versions, the memory could be freed with
pcre_free(), just like the pattern itself. This will still work in
cases where JIT optimization is not used, but it is advisable to change to the
new function when convenient.
This is a typical way in which
pcre_study() is used (except that in a
real application there should be tests for errors):
int rc;
pcre *re;
pcre_extra *sd;
re = pcre_compile("pattern", 0, &error, &erroroffset, NULL);
sd = pcre_study(
re, /* result of pcre_compile() */
0, /* no options */
&error); /* set to NULL or points to a message */
rc = pcre_exec( /* see below for details of pcre_exec() options */
re, sd, "subject", 7, 0, 0, ovector, 30);
...
pcre_free_study(sd);
pcre_free(re);
Studying a pattern does two things: first, a lower bound for the length of
subject string that is needed to match the pattern is computed. This does not
mean that there are any strings of that length that match, but it does
guarantee that no shorter strings match. The value is used to avoid wasting
time by trying to match strings that are shorter than the lower bound. You can
find out the value in a calling program via the
pcre_fullinfo()
function.
Studying a pattern is also useful for non-anchored patterns that do not have a
single fixed starting character. A bitmap of possible starting bytes is
created. This speeds up finding a position in the subject at which to start
matching. (In 16-bit mode, the bitmap is used for 16-bit values less than 256.
In 32-bit mode, the bitmap is used for 32-bit values less than 256.)
These two optimizations apply to both
pcre_exec() and
pcre_dfa_exec(), and the information is also used by the JIT compiler.
The optimizations can be disabled by setting the PCRE_NO_START_OPTIMIZE
option. You might want to do this if your pattern contains callouts or (*MARK)
and you want to make use of these facilities in cases where matching fails.
PCRE_NO_START_OPTIMIZE can be specified at either compile time or execution
time. However, if PCRE_NO_START_OPTIMIZE is passed to
pcre_exec(),
(that is, after any JIT compilation has happened) JIT execution is disabled.
For JIT execution to work with PCRE_NO_START_OPTIMIZE, the option must be set
at compile time.
There is a longer discussion of PCRE_NO_START_OPTIMIZE below.
PCRE handles caseless matching, and determines whether characters are letters,
digits, or whatever, by reference to a set of tables, indexed by character
code point. When running in UTF-8 mode, or in the 16- or 32-bit libraries,
this applies only to characters with code points less than 256. By default,
higher-valued code points never match escapes such as \w or \d. However, if
PCRE is built with Unicode property support, all characters can be tested with
\p and \P, or, alternatively, the PCRE_UCP option can be set when a pattern is
compiled; this causes \w and friends to use Unicode property support instead
of the built-in tables.
The use of locales with Unicode is discouraged. If you are handling characters
with code points greater than 128, you should either use Unicode support, or
use locales, but not try to mix the two.
PCRE contains an internal set of tables that are used when the final argument of
pcre_compile() is NULL. These are sufficient for many applications.
Normally, the internal tables recognize only ASCII characters. However, when
PCRE is built, it is possible to cause the internal tables to be rebuilt in
the default "C" locale of the local system, which may cause them to
be different.
The internal tables can always be overridden by tables supplied by the
application that calls PCRE. These may be created in a different locale from
the default. As more and more applications change to using Unicode, the need
for this locale support is expected to die away.
External tables are built by calling the
pcre_maketables() function,
which has no arguments, in the relevant locale. The result can then be passed
to
pcre_compile() as often as necessary. For example, to build and use
tables that are appropriate for the French locale (where accented characters
with values greater than 128 are treated as letters), the following code could
be used:
setlocale(LC_CTYPE, "fr_FR");
tables = pcre_maketables();
re = pcre_compile(..., tables);
The locale name "fr_FR" is used on Linux and other Unix-like systems;
if you are using Windows, the name for the French locale is
"french".
When
pcre_maketables() runs, the tables are built in memory that is
obtained via
pcre_malloc. It is the caller's responsibility to ensure
that the memory containing the tables remains available for as long as it is
needed.
The pointer that is passed to
pcre_compile() is saved with the compiled
pattern, and the same tables are used via this pointer by
pcre_study()
and also by
pcre_exec() and
pcre_dfa_exec(). Thus, for any
single pattern, compilation, studying and matching all happen in the same
locale, but different patterns can be processed in different locales.
It is possible to pass a table pointer or NULL (indicating the use of the
internal tables) to
pcre_exec() or
pcre_dfa_exec() (see the
discussion below in the section on matching a pattern). This facility is
provided for use with pre-compiled patterns that have been saved and reloaded.
Character tables are not saved with patterns, so if a non-standard table was
used at compile time, it must be provided again when the reloaded pattern is
matched. Attempting to use this facility to match a pattern in a different
locale from the one in which it was compiled is likely to lead to anomalous
(usually incorrect) results.
int pcre_fullinfo(const pcre *code, const pcre_extra *extra,
int what, void *where);
The
pcre_fullinfo() function returns information about a compiled
pattern. It replaces the
pcre_info() function, which was removed from
the library at version 8.30, after more than 10 years of obsolescence.
The first argument for
pcre_fullinfo() is a pointer to the compiled
pattern. The second argument is the result of
pcre_study(), or NULL if
the pattern was not studied. The third argument specifies which piece of
information is required, and the fourth argument is a pointer to a variable to
receive the data. The yield of the function is zero for success, or one of the
following negative numbers:
PCRE_ERROR_NULL the argument
code was NULL
the argument
where was NULL
PCRE_ERROR_BADMAGIC the "magic number" was not found
PCRE_ERROR_BADENDIANNESS the pattern was compiled with different
endianness
PCRE_ERROR_BADOPTION the value of
what was invalid
PCRE_ERROR_UNSET the requested field is not set
The "magic number" is placed at the start of each compiled pattern as
an simple check against passing an arbitrary memory pointer. The endianness
error can occur if a compiled pattern is saved and reloaded on a different
host. Here is a typical call of
pcre_fullinfo(), to obtain the length
of the compiled pattern:
int rc;
size_t length;
rc = pcre_fullinfo(
re, /* result of pcre_compile() */
sd, /* result of pcre_study(), or NULL */
PCRE_INFO_SIZE, /* what is required */
&length); /* where to put the data */
The possible values for the third argument are defined in
pcre.h, and are
as follows:
PCRE_INFO_BACKREFMAX
Return the number of the highest back reference in the pattern. The fourth
argument should point to an
int variable. Zero is returned if there are
no back references.
PCRE_INFO_CAPTURECOUNT
Return the number of capturing subpatterns in the pattern. The fourth argument
should point to an
int variable.
PCRE_INFO_DEFAULT_TABLES
Return a pointer to the internal default character tables within PCRE. The
fourth argument should point to an
unsigned char * variable. This
information call is provided for internal use by the
pcre_study()
function. External callers can cause PCRE to use its internal tables by
passing a NULL table pointer.
PCRE_INFO_FIRSTBYTE (deprecated)
Return information about the first data unit of any matched string, for a
non-anchored pattern. The name of this option refers to the 8-bit library,
where data units are bytes. The fourth argument should point to an
int
variable. Negative values are used for special cases. However, this means that
when the 32-bit library is in non-UTF-32 mode, the full 32-bit range of
characters cannot be returned. For this reason, this value is deprecated; use
PCRE_INFO_FIRSTCHARACTERFLAGS and PCRE_INFO_FIRSTCHARACTER instead.
If there is a fixed first value, for example, the letter "c" from a
pattern such as (cat|cow|coyote), its value is returned. In the 8-bit library,
the value is always less than 256. In the 16-bit library the value can be up
to 0xffff. In the 32-bit library the value can be up to 0x10ffff.
If there is no fixed first value, and if either
(a) the pattern was compiled with the PCRE_MULTILINE option, and every branch
starts with "^", or
(b) every branch of the pattern starts with ".*" and PCRE_DOTALL is
not set (if it were set, the pattern would be anchored),
-1 is returned, indicating that the pattern matches only at the start of a
subject string or after any newline within the string. Otherwise -2 is
returned. For anchored patterns, -2 is returned.
PCRE_INFO_FIRSTCHARACTER
Return the value of the first data unit (non-UTF character) of any matched
string in the situation where PCRE_INFO_FIRSTCHARACTERFLAGS returns 1;
otherwise return 0. The fourth argument should point to an
uint_t
variable.
In the 8-bit library, the value is always less than 256. In the 16-bit library
the value can be up to 0xffff. In the 32-bit library in UTF-32 mode the value
can be up to 0x10ffff, and up to 0xffffffff when not using UTF-32 mode.
PCRE_INFO_FIRSTCHARACTERFLAGS
Return information about the first data unit of any matched string, for a
non-anchored pattern. The fourth argument should point to an
int
variable.
If there is a fixed first value, for example, the letter "c" from a
pattern such as (cat|cow|coyote), 1 is returned, and the character value can
be retrieved using PCRE_INFO_FIRSTCHARACTER. If there is no fixed first value,
and if either
(a) the pattern was compiled with the PCRE_MULTILINE option, and every branch
starts with "^", or
(b) every branch of the pattern starts with ".*" and PCRE_DOTALL is
not set (if it were set, the pattern would be anchored),
2 is returned, indicating that the pattern matches only at the start of a
subject string or after any newline within the string. Otherwise 0 is
returned. For anchored patterns, 0 is returned.
PCRE_INFO_FIRSTTABLE
If the pattern was studied, and this resulted in the construction of a 256-bit
table indicating a fixed set of values for the first data unit in any matching
string, a pointer to the table is returned. Otherwise NULL is returned. The
fourth argument should point to an
unsigned char * variable.
PCRE_INFO_HASCRORLF
Return 1 if the pattern contains any explicit matches for CR or LF characters,
otherwise 0. The fourth argument should point to an
int variable. An
explicit match is either a literal CR or LF character, or \r or \n.
PCRE_INFO_JCHANGED
Return 1 if the (?J) or (?-J) option setting is used in the pattern, otherwise
0. The fourth argument should point to an
int variable. (?J) and (?-J)
set and unset the local PCRE_DUPNAMES option, respectively.
PCRE_INFO_JIT
Return 1 if the pattern was studied with one of the JIT options, and
just-in-time compiling was successful. The fourth argument should point to an
int variable. A return value of 0 means that JIT support is not
available in this version of PCRE, or that the pattern was not studied with a
JIT option, or that the JIT compiler could not handle this particular pattern.
See the
pcrejit documentation for details of what can and cannot be
handled.
PCRE_INFO_JITSIZE
If the pattern was successfully studied with a JIT option, return the size of
the JIT compiled code, otherwise return zero. The fourth argument should point
to a
size_t variable.
PCRE_INFO_LASTLITERAL
Return the value of the rightmost literal data unit that must exist in any
matched string, other than at its start, if such a value has been recorded.
The fourth argument should point to an
int variable. If there is no
such value, -1 is returned. For anchored patterns, a last literal value is
recorded only if it follows something of variable length. For example, for the
pattern /^a\d+z\d+/ the returned value is "z", but for /^a\dz\d/ the
returned value is -1.
Since for the 32-bit library using the non-UTF-32 mode, this function is unable
to return the full 32-bit range of characters, this value is deprecated;
instead the PCRE_INFO_REQUIREDCHARFLAGS and PCRE_INFO_REQUIREDCHAR values
should be used.
PCRE_INFO_MATCH_EMPTY
Return 1 if the pattern can match an empty string, otherwise 0. The fourth
argument should point to an
int variable.
PCRE_INFO_MATCHLIMIT
If the pattern set a match limit by including an item of the form
(*LIMIT_MATCH=nnnn) at the start, the value is returned. The fourth argument
should point to an unsigned 32-bit integer. If no such value has been set, the
call to
pcre_fullinfo() returns the error PCRE_ERROR_UNSET.
PCRE_INFO_MAXLOOKBEHIND
Return the number of characters (NB not data units) in the longest lookbehind
assertion in the pattern. This information is useful when doing multi-segment
matching using the partial matching facilities. Note that the simple
assertions \b and \B require a one-character lookbehind. \A also registers a
one-character lookbehind, though it does not actually inspect the previous
character. This is to ensure that at least one character from the old segment
is retained when a new segment is processed. Otherwise, if there are no
lookbehinds in the pattern, \A might match incorrectly at the start of a new
segment.
PCRE_INFO_MINLENGTH
If the pattern was studied and a minimum length for matching subject strings was
computed, its value is returned. Otherwise the returned value is -1. The value
is a number of characters, which in UTF mode may be different from the number
of data units. The fourth argument should point to an
int variable. A
non-negative value is a lower bound to the length of any matching string.
There may not be any strings of that length that do actually match, but every
string that does match is at least that long.
PCRE_INFO_NAMECOUNT
PCRE_INFO_NAMEENTRYSIZE
PCRE_INFO_NAMETABLE
PCRE supports the use of named as well as numbered capturing parentheses. The
names are just an additional way of identifying the parentheses, which still
acquire numbers. Several convenience functions such as
pcre_get_named_substring() are provided for extracting captured
substrings by name. It is also possible to extract the data directly, by first
converting the name to a number in order to access the correct pointers in the
output vector (described with
pcre_exec() below). To do the conversion,
you need to use the name-to-number map, which is described by these three
values.
The map consists of a number of fixed-size entries. PCRE_INFO_NAMECOUNT gives
the number of entries, and PCRE_INFO_NAMEENTRYSIZE gives the size of each
entry; both of these return an
int value. The entry size depends on the
length of the longest name. PCRE_INFO_NAMETABLE returns a pointer to the first
entry of the table. This is a pointer to
char in the 8-bit library,
where the first two bytes of each entry are the number of the capturing
parenthesis, most significant byte first. In the 16-bit library, the pointer
points to 16-bit data units, the first of which contains the parenthesis
number. In the 32-bit library, the pointer points to 32-bit data units, the
first of which contains the parenthesis number. The rest of the entry is the
corresponding name, zero terminated.
The names are in alphabetical order. If (?| is used to create multiple groups
with the same number, as described in the section on duplicate subpattern
numbers in the
pcrepattern page, the groups may be given the same name,
but there is only one entry in the table. Different names for groups of the
same number are not permitted. Duplicate names for subpatterns with different
numbers are permitted, but only if PCRE_DUPNAMES is set. They appear in the
table in the order in which they were found in the pattern. In the absence of
(?| this is the order of increasing number; when (?| is used this is not
necessarily the case because later subpatterns may have lower numbers.
As a simple example of the name/number table, consider the following pattern
after compilation by the 8-bit library (assume PCRE_EXTENDED is set, so white
space - including newlines - is ignored):
(?<date> (?<year>(\d\d)?\d\d) -
(?<month>\d\d) - (?<day>\d\d) )
There are four named subpatterns, so the table has four entries, and each entry
in the table is eight bytes long. The table is as follows, with non-printing
bytes shows in hexadecimal, and undefined bytes shown as ??:
00 01 d a t e 00 ??
00 05 d a y 00 ?? ??
00 04 m o n t h 00
00 02 y e a r 00 ??
When writing code to extract data from named subpatterns using the
name-to-number map, remember that the length of the entries is likely to be
different for each compiled pattern.
PCRE_INFO_OKPARTIAL
Return 1 if the pattern can be used for partial matching with
pcre_exec(), otherwise 0. The fourth argument should point to an
int variable. From release 8.00, this always returns 1, because the
restrictions that previously applied to partial matching have been lifted. The
pcrepartial documentation gives details of partial matching.
PCRE_INFO_OPTIONS
Return a copy of the options with which the pattern was compiled. The fourth
argument should point to an
unsigned long int variable. These option
bits are those specified in the call to
pcre_compile(), modified by any
top-level option settings at the start of the pattern itself. In other words,
they are the options that will be in force when matching starts. For example,
if the pattern /(?im)abc(?-i)d/ is compiled with the PCRE_EXTENDED option, the
result is PCRE_CASELESS, PCRE_MULTILINE, and PCRE_EXTENDED.
A pattern is automatically anchored by PCRE if all of its top-level alternatives
begin with one of the following:
^ unless PCRE_MULTILINE is set
\A always
\G always
.* if PCRE_DOTALL is set and there are no back
references to the subpattern in which .* appears
For such patterns, the PCRE_ANCHORED bit is set in the options returned by
pcre_fullinfo().
PCRE_INFO_RECURSIONLIMIT
If the pattern set a recursion limit by including an item of the form
(*LIMIT_RECURSION=nnnn) at the start, the value is returned. The fourth
argument should point to an unsigned 32-bit integer. If no such value has been
set, the call to
pcre_fullinfo() returns the error PCRE_ERROR_UNSET.
PCRE_INFO_SIZE
Return the size of the compiled pattern in bytes (for all three libraries). The
fourth argument should point to a
size_t variable. This value does not
include the size of the
pcre structure that is returned by
pcre_compile(). The value that is passed as the argument to
pcre_malloc() when
pcre_compile() is getting memory in which to
place the compiled data is the value returned by this option plus the size of
the
pcre structure. Studying a compiled pattern, with or without JIT,
does not alter the value returned by this option.
PCRE_INFO_STUDYSIZE
Return the size in bytes (for all three libraries) of the data block pointed to
by the
study_data field in a
pcre_extra block. If
pcre_extra is NULL, or there is no study data, zero is returned. The
fourth argument should point to a
size_t variable. The
study_data field is set by
pcre_study() to record information
that will speed up matching (see the section entitled "Studying a
pattern" above). The format of the
study_data block is private,
but its length is made available via this option so that it can be saved and
restored (see the
pcreprecompile documentation for details).
PCRE_INFO_REQUIREDCHARFLAGS
Returns 1 if there is a rightmost literal data unit that must exist in any
matched string, other than at its start. The fourth argument should point to
an
int variable. If there is no such value, 0 is returned. If returning
1, the character value itself can be retrieved using PCRE_INFO_REQUIREDCHAR.
For anchored patterns, a last literal value is recorded only if it follows
something of variable length. For example, for the pattern /^a\d+z\d+/ the
returned value 1 (with "z" returned from PCRE_INFO_REQUIREDCHAR),
but for /^a\dz\d/ the returned value is 0.
PCRE_INFO_REQUIREDCHAR
Return the value of the rightmost literal data unit that must exist in any
matched string, other than at its start, if such a value has been recorded.
The fourth argument should point to an
uint32_t variable. If there is
no such value, 0 is returned.
int pcre_refcount(pcre *code, int adjust);
The
pcre_refcount() function is used to maintain a reference count in the
data block that contains a compiled pattern. It is provided for the benefit of
applications that operate in an object-oriented manner, where different parts
of the application may be using the same compiled pattern, but you want to
free the block when they are all done.
When a pattern is compiled, the reference count field is initialized to zero. It
is changed only by calling this function, whose action is to add the
adjust value (which may be positive or negative) to it. The yield of
the function is the new value. However, the value of the count is constrained
to lie between 0 and 65535, inclusive. If the new value is outside these
limits, it is forced to the appropriate limit value.
Except when it is zero, the reference count is not correctly preserved if a
pattern is compiled on one host and then transferred to a host whose
byte-order is different. (This seems a highly unlikely scenario.)
int pcre_exec(const pcre *code, const pcre_extra *extra,
const char *subject, int length, int startoffset,
int options, int *ovector, int ovecsize);
The function
pcre_exec() is called to match a subject string against a
compiled pattern, which is passed in the
code argument. If the pattern
was studied, the result of the study should be passed in the
extra
argument. You can call
pcre_exec() with the same
code and
extra arguments as many times as you like, in order to match different
subject strings with the same pattern.
This function is the main matching facility of the library, and it operates in a
Perl-like manner. For specialist use there is also an alternative matching
function, which is described below in the section about the
pcre_dfa_exec() function.
In most applications, the pattern will have been compiled (and optionally
studied) in the same process that calls
pcre_exec(). However, it is
possible to save compiled patterns and study data, and then use them later in
different processes, possibly even on different hosts. For a discussion about
this, see the
pcreprecompile documentation.
Here is an example of a simple call to
pcre_exec():
int rc;
int ovector[30];
rc = pcre_exec(
re, /* result of pcre_compile() */
NULL, /* we didn't study the pattern */
"some string", /* the subject string */
11, /* the length of the subject string */
0, /* start at offset 0 in the subject */
0, /* default options */
ovector, /* vector of integers for substring information */
30); /* number of elements (NOT size in bytes) */
If the
extra argument is not NULL, it must point to a
pcre_extra
data block. The
pcre_study() function returns such a block (when it
doesn't return NULL), but you can also create one for yourself, and pass
additional information in it. The
pcre_extra block contains the
following fields (not necessarily in this order):
unsigned long int
flags;
void *
study_data;
void *
executable_jit;
unsigned long int
match_limit;
unsigned long int
match_limit_recursion;
void *
callout_data;
const unsigned char *
tables;
unsigned char **
mark;
In the 16-bit version of this structure, the
mark field has type
"PCRE_UCHAR16 **".
In the 32-bit version of this structure, the
mark field has type
"PCRE_UCHAR32 **".
The
flags field is used to specify which of the other fields are set. The
flag bits are:
PCRE_EXTRA_CALLOUT_DATA
PCRE_EXTRA_EXECUTABLE_JIT
PCRE_EXTRA_MARK
PCRE_EXTRA_MATCH_LIMIT
PCRE_EXTRA_MATCH_LIMIT_RECURSION
PCRE_EXTRA_STUDY_DATA
PCRE_EXTRA_TABLES
Other flag bits should be set to zero. The
study_data field and sometimes
the
executable_jit field are set in the
pcre_extra block that is
returned by
pcre_study(), together with the appropriate flag bits. You
should not set these yourself, but you may add to the block by setting other
fields and their corresponding flag bits.
The
match_limit field provides a means of preventing PCRE from using up a
vast amount of resources when running patterns that are not going to match,
but which have a very large number of possibilities in their search trees. The
classic example is a pattern that uses nested unlimited repeats.
Internally,
pcre_exec() uses a function called
match(), which it
calls repeatedly (sometimes recursively). The limit set by
match_limit
is imposed on the number of times this function is called during a match,
which has the effect of limiting the amount of backtracking that can take
place. For patterns that are not anchored, the count restarts from zero for
each position in the subject string.
When
pcre_exec() is called with a pattern that was successfully studied
with a JIT option, the way that the matching is executed is entirely
different. However, there is still the possibility of runaway matching that
goes on for a very long time, and so the
match_limit value is also used
in this case (but in a different way) to limit how long the matching can
continue.
The default value for the limit can be set when PCRE is built; the default
default is 10 million, which handles all but the most extreme cases. You can
override the default by suppling
pcre_exec() with a
pcre_extra
block in which
match_limit is set, and PCRE_EXTRA_MATCH_LIMIT is set in
the
flags field. If the limit is exceeded,
pcre_exec() returns
PCRE_ERROR_MATCHLIMIT.
A value for the match limit may also be supplied by an item at the start of a
pattern of the form
(*LIMIT_MATCH=d)
where d is a decimal number. However, such a setting is ignored unless d is less
than the limit set by the caller of
pcre_exec() or, if no such limit is
set, less than the default.
The
match_limit_recursion field is similar to
match_limit, but
instead of limiting the total number of times that
match() is called,
it limits the depth of recursion. The recursion depth is a smaller number than
the total number of calls, because not all calls to
match() are
recursive. This limit is of use only if it is set smaller than
match_limit.
Limiting the recursion depth limits the amount of machine stack that can be
used, or, when PCRE has been compiled to use memory on the heap instead of the
stack, the amount of heap memory that can be used. This limit is not relevant,
and is ignored, when matching is done using JIT compiled code.
The default value for
match_limit_recursion can be set when PCRE is
built; the default default is the same value as the default for
match_limit. You can override the default by suppling
pcre_exec() with a
pcre_extra block in which
match_limit_recursion is set, and PCRE_EXTRA_MATCH_LIMIT_RECURSION is
set in the
flags field. If the limit is exceeded,
pcre_exec()
returns PCRE_ERROR_RECURSIONLIMIT.
A value for the recursion limit may also be supplied by an item at the start of
a pattern of the form
(*LIMIT_RECURSION=d)
where d is a decimal number. However, such a setting is ignored unless d is less
than the limit set by the caller of
pcre_exec() or, if no such limit is
set, less than the default.
The
callout_data field is used in conjunction with the
"callout" feature, and is described in the
pcrecallout
documentation.
The
tables field is provided for use with patterns that have been
pre-compiled using custom character tables, saved to disc or elsewhere, and
then reloaded, because the tables that were used to compile a pattern are not
saved with it. See the
pcreprecompile documentation for a discussion of
saving compiled patterns for later use. If NULL is passed using this
mechanism, it forces PCRE's internal tables to be used.
Warning: The tables that
pcre_exec() uses must be the same as
those that were used when the pattern was compiled. If this is not the case,
the behaviour of
pcre_exec() is undefined. Therefore, when a pattern is
compiled and matched in the same process, this field should never be set. In
this (the most common) case, the correct table pointer is automatically passed
with the compiled pattern from
pcre_compile() to
pcre_exec().
If PCRE_EXTRA_MARK is set in the
flags field, the
mark field must
be set to point to a suitable variable. If the pattern contains any
backtracking control verbs such as (*MARK:NAME), and the execution ends up
with a name to pass back, a pointer to the name string (zero terminated) is
placed in the variable pointed to by the
mark field. The names are
within the compiled pattern; if you wish to retain such a name you must copy
it before freeing the memory of a compiled pattern. If there is no name to
pass back, the variable pointed to by the
mark field is set to NULL.
For details of the backtracking control verbs, see the section entitled
"Backtracking control" in the
pcrepattern documentation.
The unused bits of the
options argument for
pcre_exec() must be
zero. The only bits that may be set are PCRE_ANCHORED, PCRE_NEWLINE_
xxx, PCRE_NOTBOL, PCRE_NOTEOL, PCRE_NOTEMPTY, PCRE_NOTEMPTY_ATSTART,
PCRE_NO_START_OPTIMIZE, PCRE_NO_UTF8_CHECK, PCRE_PARTIAL_HARD, and
PCRE_PARTIAL_SOFT.
If the pattern was successfully studied with one of the just-in-time (JIT)
compile options, the only supported options for JIT execution are
PCRE_NO_UTF8_CHECK, PCRE_NOTBOL, PCRE_NOTEOL, PCRE_NOTEMPTY,
PCRE_NOTEMPTY_ATSTART, PCRE_PARTIAL_HARD, and PCRE_PARTIAL_SOFT. If an
unsupported option is used, JIT execution is disabled and the normal
interpretive code in
pcre_exec() is run.
PCRE_ANCHORED
The PCRE_ANCHORED option limits
pcre_exec() to matching at the first
matching position. If a pattern was compiled with PCRE_ANCHORED, or turned out
to be anchored by virtue of its contents, it cannot be made unachored at
matching time.
PCRE_BSR_ANYCRLF
PCRE_BSR_UNICODE
These options (which are mutually exclusive) control what the \R escape sequence
matches. The choice is either to match only CR, LF, or CRLF, or to match any
Unicode newline sequence. These options override the choice that was made or
defaulted when the pattern was compiled.
PCRE_NEWLINE_CR
PCRE_NEWLINE_LF
PCRE_NEWLINE_CRLF
PCRE_NEWLINE_ANYCRLF
PCRE_NEWLINE_ANY
These options override the newline definition that was chosen or defaulted when
the pattern was compiled. For details, see the description of
pcre_compile() above. During matching, the newline choice affects the
behaviour of the dot, circumflex, and dollar metacharacters. It may also alter
the way the match position is advanced after a match failure for an unanchored
pattern.
When PCRE_NEWLINE_CRLF, PCRE_NEWLINE_ANYCRLF, or PCRE_NEWLINE_ANY is set, and a
match attempt for an unanchored pattern fails when the current position is at
a CRLF sequence, and the pattern contains no explicit matches for CR or LF
characters, the match position is advanced by two characters instead of one,
in other words, to after the CRLF.
The above rule is a compromise that makes the most common cases work as
expected. For example, if the pattern is .+A (and the PCRE_DOTALL option is
not set), it does not match the string "\r\nA" because, after
failing at the start, it skips both the CR and the LF before retrying.
However, the pattern [\r\n]A does match that string, because it contains an
explicit CR or LF reference, and so advances only by one character after the
first failure.
An explicit match for CR of LF is either a literal appearance of one of those
characters, or one of the \r or \n escape sequences. Implicit matches such as
[^X] do not count, nor does \s (which includes CR and LF in the characters
that it matches).
Notwithstanding the above, anomalous effects may still occur when CRLF is a
valid newline sequence and explicit \r or \n escapes appear in the pattern.
PCRE_NOTBOL
This option specifies that first character of the subject string is not the
beginning of a line, so the circumflex metacharacter should not match before
it. Setting this without PCRE_MULTILINE (at compile time) causes circumflex
never to match. This option affects only the behaviour of the circumflex
metacharacter. It does not affect \A.
PCRE_NOTEOL
This option specifies that the end of the subject string is not the end of a
line, so the dollar metacharacter should not match it nor (except in multiline
mode) a newline immediately before it. Setting this without PCRE_MULTILINE (at
compile time) causes dollar never to match. This option affects only the
behaviour of the dollar metacharacter. It does not affect \Z or \z.
PCRE_NOTEMPTY
An empty string is not considered to be a valid match if this option is set. If
there are alternatives in the pattern, they are tried. If all the alternatives
match the empty string, the entire match fails. For example, if the pattern
a?b?
is applied to a string not beginning with "a" or "b", it
matches an empty string at the start of the subject. With PCRE_NOTEMPTY set,
this match is not valid, so PCRE searches further into the string for
occurrences of "a" or "b".
PCRE_NOTEMPTY_ATSTART
This is like PCRE_NOTEMPTY, except that an empty string match that is not at the
start of the subject is permitted. If the pattern is anchored, such a match
can occur only if the pattern contains \K.
Perl has no direct equivalent of PCRE_NOTEMPTY or PCRE_NOTEMPTY_ATSTART, but it
does make a special case of a pattern match of the empty string within its
split() function, and when using the /g modifier. It is possible to
emulate Perl's behaviour after matching a null string by first trying the
match again at the same offset with PCRE_NOTEMPTY_ATSTART and PCRE_ANCHORED,
and then if that fails, by advancing the starting offset (see below) and
trying an ordinary match again. There is some code that demonstrates how to do
this in the
pcredemo sample program. In the most general case, you have
to check to see if the newline convention recognizes CRLF as a newline, and if
so, and the current character is CR followed by LF, advance the starting
offset by two characters instead of one.
PCRE_NO_START_OPTIMIZE
There are a number of optimizations that
pcre_exec() uses at the start of
a match, in order to speed up the process. For example, if it is known that an
unanchored match must start with a specific character, it searches the subject
for that character, and fails immediately if it cannot find it, without
actually running the main matching function. This means that a special item
such as (*COMMIT) at the start of a pattern is not considered until after a
suitable starting point for the match has been found. Also, when callouts or
(*MARK) items are in use, these "start-up" optimizations can cause
them to be skipped if the pattern is never actually used. The start-up
optimizations are in effect a pre-scan of the subject that takes place before
the pattern is run.
The PCRE_NO_START_OPTIMIZE option disables the start-up optimizations, possibly
causing performance to suffer, but ensuring that in cases where the result is
"no match", the callouts do occur, and that items such as (*COMMIT)
and (*MARK) are considered at every possible starting position in the subject
string. If PCRE_NO_START_OPTIMIZE is set at compile time, it cannot be unset
at matching time. The use of PCRE_NO_START_OPTIMIZE at matching time (that is,
passing it to
pcre_exec()) disables JIT execution; in this situation,
matching is always done using interpretively.
Setting PCRE_NO_START_OPTIMIZE can change the outcome of a matching operation.
Consider the pattern
(*COMMIT)ABC
When this is compiled, PCRE records the fact that a match must start with the
character "A". Suppose the subject string is "DEFABC". The
start-up optimization scans along the subject, finds "A" and runs
the first match attempt from there. The (*COMMIT) item means that the pattern
must match the current starting position, which in this case, it does.
However, if the same match is run with PCRE_NO_START_OPTIMIZE set, the initial
scan along the subject string does not happen. The first match attempt is run
starting from "D" and when this fails, (*COMMIT) prevents any
further matches being tried, so the overall result is "no match". If
the pattern is studied, more start-up optimizations may be used. For example,
a minimum length for the subject may be recorded. Consider the pattern
(*MARK:A)(X|Y)
The minimum length for a match is one character. If the subject is
"ABC", there will be attempts to match "ABC",
"BC", "C", and then finally an empty string. If the
pattern is studied, the final attempt does not take place, because PCRE knows
that the subject is too short, and so the (*MARK) is never encountered. In
this case, studying the pattern does not affect the overall match result,
which is still "no match", but it does affect the auxiliary
information that is returned.
PCRE_NO_UTF8_CHECK
When PCRE_UTF8 is set at compile time, the validity of the subject as a UTF-8
string is automatically checked when
pcre_exec() is subsequently
called. The entire string is checked before any other processing takes place.
The value of
startoffset is also checked to ensure that it points to
the start of a UTF-8 character. There is a discussion about the validity of
UTF-8 strings in the
pcreunicode page. If an invalid sequence of bytes
is found,
pcre_exec() returns the error PCRE_ERROR_BADUTF8 or, if
PCRE_PARTIAL_HARD is set and the problem is a truncated character at the end
of the subject, PCRE_ERROR_SHORTUTF8. In both cases, information about the
precise nature of the error may also be returned (see the descriptions of
these errors in the section entitled
Error return values from
pcre_exec() below). If
startoffset contains a value that does
not point to the start of a UTF-8 character (or to the end of the subject),
PCRE_ERROR_BADUTF8_OFFSET is returned.
If you already know that your subject is valid, and you want to skip these
checks for performance reasons, you can set the PCRE_NO_UTF8_CHECK option when
calling
pcre_exec(). You might want to do this for the second and
subsequent calls to
pcre_exec() if you are making repeated calls to
find all the matches in a single subject string. However, you should be sure
that the value of
startoffset points to the start of a character (or
the end of the subject). When PCRE_NO_UTF8_CHECK is set, the effect of passing
an invalid string as a subject or an invalid value of
startoffset is
undefined. Your program may crash or loop.
PCRE_PARTIAL_HARD
PCRE_PARTIAL_SOFT
These options turn on the partial matching feature. For backwards compatibility,
PCRE_PARTIAL is a synonym for PCRE_PARTIAL_SOFT. A partial match occurs if the
end of the subject string is reached successfully, but there are not enough
subject characters to complete the match. If this happens when
PCRE_PARTIAL_SOFT (but not PCRE_PARTIAL_HARD) is set, matching continues by
testing any remaining alternatives. Only if no complete match can be found is
PCRE_ERROR_PARTIAL returned instead of PCRE_ERROR_NOMATCH. In other words,
PCRE_PARTIAL_SOFT says that the caller is prepared to handle a partial match,
but only if no complete match can be found.
If PCRE_PARTIAL_HARD is set, it overrides PCRE_PARTIAL_SOFT. In this case, if a
partial match is found,
pcre_exec() immediately returns
PCRE_ERROR_PARTIAL, without considering any other alternatives. In other
words, when PCRE_PARTIAL_HARD is set, a partial match is considered to be more
important that an alternative complete match.
In both cases, the portion of the string that was inspected when the partial
match was found is set as the first matching string. There is a more detailed
discussion of partial and multi-segment matching, with examples, in the
pcrepartial documentation.
The subject string is passed to
pcre_exec() as a pointer in
subject, a length in
length, and a starting offset in
startoffset. The units for
length and
startoffset are
bytes for the 8-bit library, 16-bit data items for the 16-bit library, and
32-bit data items for the 32-bit library.
If
startoffset is negative or greater than the length of the subject,
pcre_exec() returns PCRE_ERROR_BADOFFSET. When the starting offset is
zero, the search for a match starts at the beginning of the subject, and this
is by far the most common case. In UTF-8 or UTF-16 mode, the offset must point
to the start of a character, or the end of the subject (in UTF-32 mode, one
data unit equals one character, so all offsets are valid). Unlike the pattern
string, the subject may contain binary zeroes.
A non-zero starting offset is useful when searching for another match in the
same subject by calling
pcre_exec() again after a previous success.
Setting
startoffset differs from just passing over a shortened string
and setting PCRE_NOTBOL in the case of a pattern that begins with any kind of
lookbehind. For example, consider the pattern
\Biss\B
which finds occurrences of "iss" in the middle of words. (\B matches
only if the current position in the subject is not a word boundary.) When
applied to the string "Mississipi" the first call to
pcre_exec() finds the first occurrence. If
pcre_exec() is called
again with just the remainder of the subject, namely "issipi", it
does not match, because \B is always false at the start of the subject, which
is deemed to be a word boundary. However, if
pcre_exec() is passed the
entire string again, but with
startoffset set to 4, it finds the second
occurrence of "iss" because it is able to look behind the starting
point to discover that it is preceded by a letter.
Finding all the matches in a subject is tricky when the pattern can match an
empty string. It is possible to emulate Perl's /g behaviour by first trying
the match again at the same offset, with the PCRE_NOTEMPTY_ATSTART and
PCRE_ANCHORED options, and then if that fails, advancing the starting offset
and trying an ordinary match again. There is some code that demonstrates how
to do this in the
pcredemo sample program. In the most general case,
you have to check to see if the newline convention recognizes CRLF as a
newline, and if so, and the current character is CR followed by LF, advance
the starting offset by two characters instead of one.
If a non-zero starting offset is passed when the pattern is anchored, one
attempt to match at the given offset is made. This can only succeed if the
pattern does not require the match to be at the start of the subject.
In general, a pattern matches a certain portion of the subject, and in addition,
further substrings from the subject may be picked out by parts of the pattern.
Following the usage in Jeffrey Friedl's book, this is called
"capturing" in what follows, and the phrase "capturing
subpattern" is used for a fragment of a pattern that picks out a
substring. PCRE supports several other kinds of parenthesized subpattern that
do not cause substrings to be captured.
Captured substrings are returned to the caller via a vector of integers whose
address is passed in
ovector. The number of elements in the vector is
passed in
ovecsize, which must be a non-negative number.
Note:
this argument is NOT the size of
ovector in bytes.
The first two-thirds of the vector is used to pass back captured substrings,
each substring using a pair of integers. The remaining third of the vector is
used as workspace by
pcre_exec() while matching capturing subpatterns,
and is not available for passing back information. The number passed in
ovecsize should always be a multiple of three. If it is not, it is
rounded down.
When a match is successful, information about captured substrings is returned in
pairs of integers, starting at the beginning of
ovector, and continuing
up to two-thirds of its length at the most. The first element of each pair is
set to the offset of the first character in a substring, and the second is set
to the offset of the first character after the end of a substring. These
values are always data unit offsets, even in UTF mode. They are byte offsets
in the 8-bit library, 16-bit data item offsets in the 16-bit library, and
32-bit data item offsets in the 32-bit library.
Note: they are not
character counts.
The first pair of integers,
ovector[0] and
ovector[1], identify
the portion of the subject string matched by the entire pattern. The next pair
is used for the first capturing subpattern, and so on. The value returned by
pcre_exec() is one more than the highest numbered pair that has been
set. For example, if two substrings have been captured, the returned value is
3. If there are no capturing subpatterns, the return value from a successful
match is 1, indicating that just the first pair of offsets has been set.
If a capturing subpattern is matched repeatedly, it is the last portion of the
string that it matched that is returned.
If the vector is too small to hold all the captured substring offsets, it is
used as far as possible (up to two-thirds of its length), and the function
returns a value of zero. If neither the actual string matched nor any captured
substrings are of interest,
pcre_exec() may be called with
ovector passed as NULL and
ovecsize as zero. However, if the
pattern contains back references and the
ovector is not big enough to
remember the related substrings, PCRE has to get additional memory for use
during matching. Thus it is usually advisable to supply an
ovector of
reasonable size.
There are some cases where zero is returned (indicating vector overflow) when in
fact the vector is exactly the right size for the final match. For example,
consider the pattern
(a)(?:(b)c|bd)
If a vector of 6 elements (allowing for only 1 captured substring) is given with
subject string "abd",
pcre_exec() will try to set the second
captured string, thereby recording a vector overflow, before failing to match
"c" and backing up to try the second alternative. The zero return,
however, does correctly indicate that the maximum number of slots (namely 2)
have been filled. In similar cases where there is temporary overflow, but the
final number of used slots is actually less than the maximum, a non-zero value
is returned.
The
pcre_fullinfo() function can be used to find out how many capturing
subpatterns there are in a compiled pattern. The smallest size for
ovector that will allow for
n captured substrings, in addition
to the offsets of the substring matched by the whole pattern, is (
n+1)*3.
It is possible for capturing subpattern number
n+1 to match some part of
the subject when subpattern
n has not been used at all. For example, if
the string "abc" is matched against the pattern (a|(z))(bc) the
return from the function is 4, and subpatterns 1 and 3 are matched, but 2 is
not. When this happens, both values in the offset pairs corresponding to
unused subpatterns are set to -1.
Offset values that correspond to unused subpatterns at the end of the expression
are also set to -1. For example, if the string "abc" is matched
against the pattern (abc)(x(yz)?)? subpatterns 2 and 3 are not matched. The
return from the function is 2, because the highest used capturing subpattern
number is 1, and the offsets for for the second and third capturing
subpatterns (assuming the vector is large enough, of course) are set to -1.
Note: Elements in the first two-thirds of
ovector that do not
correspond to capturing parentheses in the pattern are never changed. That is,
if a pattern contains
n capturing parentheses, no more than
ovector[0] to
ovector[2n+1] are set by
pcre_exec(). The
other elements (in the first two-thirds) retain whatever values they
previously had.
Some convenience functions are provided for extracting the captured substrings
as separate strings. These are described below.
If
pcre_exec() fails, it returns a negative number. The following are
defined in the header file:
PCRE_ERROR_NOMATCH (-1)
The subject string did not match the pattern.
PCRE_ERROR_NULL (-2)
Either
code or
subject was passed as NULL, or
ovector was
NULL and
ovecsize was not zero.
PCRE_ERROR_BADOPTION (-3)
An unrecognized bit was set in the
options argument.
PCRE_ERROR_BADMAGIC (-4)
PCRE stores a 4-byte "magic number" at the start of the compiled code,
to catch the case when it is passed a junk pointer and to detect when a
pattern that was compiled in an environment of one endianness is run in an
environment with the other endianness. This is the error that PCRE gives when
the magic number is not present.
PCRE_ERROR_UNKNOWN_OPCODE (-5)
While running the pattern match, an unknown item was encountered in the compiled
pattern. This error could be caused by a bug in PCRE or by overwriting of the
compiled pattern.
PCRE_ERROR_NOMEMORY (-6)
If a pattern contains back references, but the
ovector that is passed to
pcre_exec() is not big enough to remember the referenced substrings,
PCRE gets a block of memory at the start of matching to use for this purpose.
If the call via
pcre_malloc() fails, this error is given. The memory is
automatically freed at the end of matching.
This error is also given if
pcre_stack_malloc() fails in
pcre_exec(). This can happen only when PCRE has been compiled with
--disable-stack-for-recursion.
PCRE_ERROR_NOSUBSTRING (-7)
This error is used by the
pcre_copy_substring(),
pcre_get_substring(), and
pcre_get_substring_list() functions
(see below). It is never returned by
pcre_exec().
PCRE_ERROR_MATCHLIMIT (-8)
The backtracking limit, as specified by the
match_limit field in a
pcre_extra structure (or defaulted) was reached. See the description
above.
PCRE_ERROR_CALLOUT (-9)
This error is never generated by
pcre_exec() itself. It is provided for
use by callout functions that want to yield a distinctive error code. See the
pcrecallout documentation for details.
PCRE_ERROR_BADUTF8 (-10)
A string that contains an invalid UTF-8 byte sequence was passed as a subject,
and the PCRE_NO_UTF8_CHECK option was not set. If the size of the output
vector (
ovecsize) is at least 2, the byte offset to the start of the
the invalid UTF-8 character is placed in the first element, and a reason code
is placed in the second element. The reason codes are listed in the following
section. For backward compatibility, if PCRE_PARTIAL_HARD is set and the
problem is a truncated UTF-8 character at the end of the subject (reason codes
1 to 5), PCRE_ERROR_SHORTUTF8 is returned instead of PCRE_ERROR_BADUTF8.
PCRE_ERROR_BADUTF8_OFFSET (-11)
The UTF-8 byte sequence that was passed as a subject was checked and found to be
valid (the PCRE_NO_UTF8_CHECK option was not set), but the value of
startoffset did not point to the beginning of a UTF-8 character or the
end of the subject.
PCRE_ERROR_PARTIAL (-12)
The subject string did not match, but it did match partially. See the
pcrepartial documentation for details of partial matching.
PCRE_ERROR_BADPARTIAL (-13)
This code is no longer in use. It was formerly returned when the PCRE_PARTIAL
option was used with a compiled pattern containing items that were not
supported for partial matching. From release 8.00 onwards, there are no
restrictions on partial matching.
PCRE_ERROR_INTERNAL (-14)
An unexpected internal error has occurred. This error could be caused by a bug
in PCRE or by overwriting of the compiled pattern.
PCRE_ERROR_BADCOUNT (-15)
This error is given if the value of the
ovecsize argument is negative.
PCRE_ERROR_RECURSIONLIMIT (-21)
The internal recursion limit, as specified by the
match_limit_recursion
field in a
pcre_extra structure (or defaulted) was reached. See the
description above.
PCRE_ERROR_BADNEWLINE (-23)
An invalid combination of PCRE_NEWLINE_
xxx options was given.
PCRE_ERROR_BADOFFSET (-24)
The value of
startoffset was negative or greater than the length of the
subject, that is, the value in
length.
PCRE_ERROR_SHORTUTF8 (-25)
This error is returned instead of PCRE_ERROR_BADUTF8 when the subject string
ends with a truncated UTF-8 character and the PCRE_PARTIAL_HARD option is set.
Information about the failure is returned as for PCRE_ERROR_BADUTF8. It is in
fact sufficient to detect this case, but this special error code for
PCRE_PARTIAL_HARD precedes the implementation of returned information; it is
retained for backwards compatibility.
PCRE_ERROR_RECURSELOOP (-26)
This error is returned when
pcre_exec() detects a recursion loop within
the pattern. Specifically, it means that either the whole pattern or a
subpattern has been called recursively for the second time at the same
position in the subject string. Some simple patterns that might do this are
detected and faulted at compile time, but more complicated cases, in
particular mutual recursions between two different subpatterns, cannot be
detected until run time.
PCRE_ERROR_JIT_STACKLIMIT (-27)
This error is returned when a pattern that was successfully studied using a JIT
compile option is being matched, but the memory available for the just-in-time
processing stack is not large enough. See the
pcrejit documentation for
more details.
PCRE_ERROR_BADMODE (-28)
This error is given if a pattern that was compiled by the 8-bit library is
passed to a 16-bit or 32-bit library function, or vice versa.
PCRE_ERROR_BADENDIANNESS (-29)
This error is given if a pattern that was compiled and saved is reloaded on a
host with different endianness. The utility function
pcre_pattern_to_host_byte_order() can be used to convert such a pattern
so that it runs on the new host.
PCRE_ERROR_JIT_BADOPTION
This error is returned when a pattern that was successfully studied using a JIT
compile option is being matched, but the matching mode (partial or complete
match) does not correspond to any JIT compilation mode. When the JIT fast path
function is used, this error may be also given for invalid options. See the
pcrejit documentation for more details.
PCRE_ERROR_BADLENGTH (-32)
This error is given if
pcre_exec() is called with a negative value for
the
length argument.
Error numbers -16 to -20, -22, and 30 are not used by
pcre_exec().
This section applies only to the 8-bit library. The corresponding information
for the 16-bit and 32-bit libraries is given in the
pcre16 and
pcre32 pages.
When
pcre_exec() returns either PCRE_ERROR_BADUTF8 or
PCRE_ERROR_SHORTUTF8, and the size of the output vector (
ovecsize) is
at least 2, the offset of the start of the invalid UTF-8 character is placed
in the first output vector element (
ovector[0]) and a reason code is
placed in the second element (
ovector[1]). The reason codes are given
names in the
pcre.h header file:
PCRE_UTF8_ERR1
PCRE_UTF8_ERR2
PCRE_UTF8_ERR3
PCRE_UTF8_ERR4
PCRE_UTF8_ERR5
The string ends with a truncated UTF-8 character; the code specifies how many
bytes are missing (1 to 5). Although RFC 3629 restricts UTF-8 characters to be
no longer than 4 bytes, the encoding scheme (originally defined by RFC 2279)
allows for up to 6 bytes, and this is checked first; hence the possibility of
4 or 5 missing bytes.
PCRE_UTF8_ERR6
PCRE_UTF8_ERR7
PCRE_UTF8_ERR8
PCRE_UTF8_ERR9
PCRE_UTF8_ERR10
The two most significant bits of the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, or 6th byte of the
character do not have the binary value 0b10 (that is, either the most
significant bit is 0, or the next bit is 1).
PCRE_UTF8_ERR11
PCRE_UTF8_ERR12
A character that is valid by the RFC 2279 rules is either 5 or 6 bytes long;
these code points are excluded by RFC 3629.
PCRE_UTF8_ERR13
A 4-byte character has a value greater than 0x10fff; these code points are
excluded by RFC 3629.
PCRE_UTF8_ERR14
A 3-byte character has a value in the range 0xd800 to 0xdfff; this range of code
points are reserved by RFC 3629 for use with UTF-16, and so are excluded from
UTF-8.
PCRE_UTF8_ERR15
PCRE_UTF8_ERR16
PCRE_UTF8_ERR17
PCRE_UTF8_ERR18
PCRE_UTF8_ERR19
A 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, or 6-byte character is "overlong", that is, it codes
for a value that can be represented by fewer bytes, which is invalid. For
example, the two bytes 0xc0, 0xae give the value 0x2e, whose correct coding
uses just one byte.
PCRE_UTF8_ERR20
The two most significant bits of the first byte of a character have the binary
value 0b10 (that is, the most significant bit is 1 and the second is 0). Such
a byte can only validly occur as the second or subsequent byte of a multi-byte
character.
PCRE_UTF8_ERR21
The first byte of a character has the value 0xfe or 0xff. These values can never
occur in a valid UTF-8 string.
PCRE_UTF8_ERR22
This error code was formerly used when the presence of a so-called
"non-character" caused an error. Unicode corrigendum #9 makes it
clear that such characters should not cause a string to be rejected, and so
this code is no longer in use and is never returned.
int pcre_copy_substring(const char *subject, int *ovector,
int stringcount, int stringnumber, char *buffer,
int buffersize);
int pcre_get_substring(const char *subject, int *ovector,
int stringcount, int stringnumber,
const char **stringptr);
int pcre_get_substring_list(const char *subject,
int *ovector, int stringcount, const char ***listptr);
Captured substrings can be accessed directly by using the offsets returned by
pcre_exec() in
ovector. For convenience, the functions
pcre_copy_substring(),
pcre_get_substring(), and
pcre_get_substring_list() are provided for extracting captured
substrings as new, separate, zero-terminated strings. These functions identify
substrings by number. The next section describes functions for extracting
named substrings.
A substring that contains a binary zero is correctly extracted and has a further
zero added on the end, but the result is not, of course, a C string. However,
you can process such a string by referring to the length that is returned by
pcre_copy_substring() and
pcre_get_substring(). Unfortunately,
the interface to
pcre_get_substring_list() is not adequate for handling
strings containing binary zeros, because the end of the final string is not
independently indicated.
The first three arguments are the same for all three of these functions:
subject is the subject string that has just been successfully matched,
ovector is a pointer to the vector of integer offsets that was passed
to
pcre_exec(), and
stringcount is the number of substrings that
were captured by the match, including the substring that matched the entire
regular expression. This is the value returned by
pcre_exec() if it is
greater than zero. If
pcre_exec() returned zero, indicating that it ran
out of space in
ovector, the value passed as
stringcount should
be the number of elements in the vector divided by three.
The functions
pcre_copy_substring() and
pcre_get_substring()
extract a single substring, whose number is given as
stringnumber. A
value of zero extracts the substring that matched the entire pattern, whereas
higher values extract the captured substrings. For
pcre_copy_substring(), the string is placed in
buffer, whose
length is given by
buffersize, while for
pcre_get_substring() a
new block of memory is obtained via
pcre_malloc, and its address is
returned via
stringptr. The yield of the function is the length of the
string, not including the terminating zero, or one of these error codes:
PCRE_ERROR_NOMEMORY (-6)
The buffer was too small for
pcre_copy_substring(), or the attempt to get
memory failed for
pcre_get_substring().
PCRE_ERROR_NOSUBSTRING (-7)
There is no substring whose number is
stringnumber.
The
pcre_get_substring_list() function extracts all available substrings
and builds a list of pointers to them. All this is done in a single block of
memory that is obtained via
pcre_malloc. The address of the memory
block is returned via
listptr, which is also the start of the list of
string pointers. The end of the list is marked by a NULL pointer. The yield of
the function is zero if all went well, or the error code
PCRE_ERROR_NOMEMORY (-6)
if the attempt to get the memory block failed.
When any of these functions encounter a substring that is unset, which can
happen when capturing subpattern number
n+1 matches some part of the
subject, but subpattern
n has not been used at all, they return an
empty string. This can be distinguished from a genuine zero-length substring
by inspecting the appropriate offset in
ovector, which is negative for
unset substrings.
The two convenience functions
pcre_free_substring() and
pcre_free_substring_list() can be used to free the memory returned by a
previous call of
pcre_get_substring() or
pcre_get_substring_list(), respectively. They do nothing more than call
the function pointed to by
pcre_free, which of course could be called
directly from a C program. However, PCRE is used in some situations where it
is linked via a special interface to another programming language that cannot
use
pcre_free directly; it is for these cases that the functions are
provided.
int pcre_get_stringnumber(const pcre *code,
const char *name);
int pcre_copy_named_substring(const pcre *code,
const char *subject, int *ovector,
int stringcount, const char *stringname,
char *buffer, int buffersize);
int pcre_get_named_substring(const pcre *code,
const char *subject, int *ovector,
int stringcount, const char *stringname,
const char **stringptr);
To extract a substring by name, you first have to find associated number. For
example, for this pattern
(a+)b(?<xxx>\d+)...
the number of the subpattern called "xxx" is 2. If the name is known
to be unique (PCRE_DUPNAMES was not set), you can find the number from the
name by calling
pcre_get_stringnumber(). The first argument is the
compiled pattern, and the second is the name. The yield of the function is the
subpattern number, or PCRE_ERROR_NOSUBSTRING (-7) if there is no subpattern of
that name.
Given the number, you can extract the substring directly, or use one of the
functions described in the previous section. For convenience, there are also
two functions that do the whole job.
Most of the arguments of
pcre_copy_named_substring() and
pcre_get_named_substring() are the same as those for the similarly
named functions that extract by number. As these are described in the previous
section, they are not re-described here. There are just two differences:
First, instead of a substring number, a substring name is given. Second, there
is an extra argument, given at the start, which is a pointer to the compiled
pattern. This is needed in order to gain access to the name-to-number
translation table.
These functions call
pcre_get_stringnumber(), and if it succeeds, they
then call
pcre_copy_substring() or
pcre_get_substring(), as
appropriate.
NOTE: If PCRE_DUPNAMES is set and there are duplicate
names, the behaviour may not be what you want (see the next section).
Warning: If the pattern uses the (?| feature to set up multiple
subpatterns with the same number, as described in the section on duplicate
subpattern numbers in the
pcrepattern page, you cannot use names to
distinguish the different subpatterns, because names are not included in the
compiled code. The matching process uses only numbers. For this reason, the
use of different names for subpatterns of the same number causes an error at
compile time.
int pcre_get_stringtable_entries(const pcre *code,
const char *name, char **first, char **last);
When a pattern is compiled with the PCRE_DUPNAMES option, names for subpatterns
are not required to be unique. (Duplicate names are always allowed for
subpatterns with the same number, created by using the (?| feature. Indeed, if
such subpatterns are named, they are required to use the same names.)
Normally, patterns with duplicate names are such that in any one match, only one
of the named subpatterns participates. An example is shown in the
pcrepattern documentation.
When duplicates are present,
pcre_copy_named_substring() and
pcre_get_named_substring() return the first substring corresponding to
the given name that is set. If none are set, PCRE_ERROR_NOSUBSTRING (-7) is
returned; no data is returned. The
pcre_get_stringnumber() function
returns one of the numbers that are associated with the name, but it is not
defined which it is.
If you want to get full details of all captured substrings for a given name, you
must use the
pcre_get_stringtable_entries() function. The first
argument is the compiled pattern, and the second is the name. The third and
fourth are pointers to variables which are updated by the function. After it
has run, they point to the first and last entries in the name-to-number table
for the given name. The function itself returns the length of each entry, or
PCRE_ERROR_NOSUBSTRING (-7) if there are none. The format of the table is
described above in the section entitled
Information about a pattern
above. Given all the relevant entries for the name, you can extract each of
their numbers, and hence the captured data, if any.
The traditional matching function uses a similar algorithm to Perl, which stops
when it finds the first match, starting at a given point in the subject. If
you want to find all possible matches, or the longest possible match, consider
using the alternative matching function (see below) instead. If you cannot use
the alternative function, but still need to find all possible matches, you can
kludge it up by making use of the callout facility, which is described in the
pcrecallout documentation.
What you have to do is to insert a callout right at the end of the pattern. When
your callout function is called, extract and save the current matched
substring. Then return 1, which forces
pcre_exec() to backtrack and try
other alternatives. Ultimately, when it runs out of matches,
pcre_exec() will yield PCRE_ERROR_NOMATCH.
Matching certain patterns using
pcre_exec() can use a lot of process
stack, which in certain environments can be rather limited in size. Some users
find it helpful to have an estimate of the amount of stack that is used by
pcre_exec(), to help them set recursion limits, as described in the
pcrestack documentation. The estimate that is output by
pcretest
when called with the
-m and
-C options is obtained by calling
pcre_exec with the values NULL, NULL, NULL, -999, and -999 for its
first five arguments.
Normally, if its first argument is NULL,
pcre_exec() immediately returns
the negative error code PCRE_ERROR_NULL, but with this special combination of
arguments, it returns instead a negative number whose absolute value is the
approximate stack frame size in bytes. (A negative number is used so that it
is clear that no match has happened.) The value is approximate because in some
cases, recursive calls to
pcre_exec() occur when there are one or two
additional variables on the stack.
If PCRE has been compiled to use the heap instead of the stack for recursion,
the value returned is the size of each block that is obtained from the heap.
int pcre_dfa_exec(const pcre *code, const pcre_extra *extra,
const char *subject, int length, int startoffset,
int options, int *ovector, int ovecsize,
int *workspace, int wscount);
The function
pcre_dfa_exec() is called to match a subject string against
a compiled pattern, using a matching algorithm that scans the subject string
just once, and does not backtrack. This has different characteristics to the
normal algorithm, and is not compatible with Perl. Some of the features of
PCRE patterns are not supported. Nevertheless, there are times when this kind
of matching can be useful. For a discussion of the two matching algorithms,
and a list of features that
pcre_dfa_exec() does not support, see the
pcrematching documentation.
The arguments for the
pcre_dfa_exec() function are the same as for
pcre_exec(), plus two extras. The
ovector argument is used in a
different way, and this is described below. The other common arguments are
used in the same way as for
pcre_exec(), so their description is not
repeated here.
The two additional arguments provide workspace for the function. The workspace
vector should contain at least 20 elements. It is used for keeping track of
multiple paths through the pattern tree. More workspace will be needed for
patterns and subjects where there are a lot of potential matches.
Here is an example of a simple call to
pcre_dfa_exec():
int rc;
int ovector[10];
int wspace[20];
rc = pcre_dfa_exec(
re, /* result of pcre_compile() */
NULL, /* we didn't study the pattern */
"some string", /* the subject string */
11, /* the length of the subject string */
0, /* start at offset 0 in the subject */
0, /* default options */
ovector, /* vector of integers for substring information */
10, /* number of elements (NOT size in bytes) */
wspace, /* working space vector */
20); /* number of elements (NOT size in bytes) */
The unused bits of the
options argument for
pcre_dfa_exec() must
be zero. The only bits that may be set are PCRE_ANCHORED, PCRE_NEWLINE_
xxx, PCRE_NOTBOL, PCRE_NOTEOL, PCRE_NOTEMPTY, PCRE_NOTEMPTY_ATSTART,
PCRE_NO_UTF8_CHECK, PCRE_BSR_ANYCRLF, PCRE_BSR_UNICODE,
PCRE_NO_START_OPTIMIZE, PCRE_PARTIAL_HARD, PCRE_PARTIAL_SOFT,
PCRE_DFA_SHORTEST, and PCRE_DFA_RESTART. All but the last four of these are
exactly the same as for
pcre_exec(), so their description is not
repeated here.
PCRE_PARTIAL_HARD
PCRE_PARTIAL_SOFT
These have the same general effect as they do for
pcre_exec(), but the
details are slightly different. When PCRE_PARTIAL_HARD is set for
pcre_dfa_exec(), it returns PCRE_ERROR_PARTIAL if the end of the
subject is reached and there is still at least one matching possibility that
requires additional characters. This happens even if some complete matches
have also been found. When PCRE_PARTIAL_SOFT is set, the return code
PCRE_ERROR_NOMATCH is converted into PCRE_ERROR_PARTIAL if the end of the
subject is reached, there have been no complete matches, but there is still at
least one matching possibility. The portion of the string that was inspected
when the longest partial match was found is set as the first matching string
in both cases. There is a more detailed discussion of partial and
multi-segment matching, with examples, in the
pcrepartial
documentation.
PCRE_DFA_SHORTEST
Setting the PCRE_DFA_SHORTEST option causes the matching algorithm to stop as
soon as it has found one match. Because of the way the alternative algorithm
works, this is necessarily the shortest possible match at the first possible
matching point in the subject string.
PCRE_DFA_RESTART
When
pcre_dfa_exec() returns a partial match, it is possible to call it
again, with additional subject characters, and have it continue with the same
match. The PCRE_DFA_RESTART option requests this action; when it is set, the
workspace and
wscount options must reference the same vector as
before because data about the match so far is left in them after a partial
match. There is more discussion of this facility in the
pcrepartial
documentation.
When
pcre_dfa_exec() succeeds, it may have matched more than one
substring in the subject. Note, however, that all the matches from one run of
the function start at the same point in the subject. The shorter matches are
all initial substrings of the longer matches. For example, if the pattern
<.*>
is matched against the string
This is <something> <something else> <something further> no
more
the three matched strings are
<something>
<something> <something else>
<something> <something else> <something further>
On success, the yield of the function is a number greater than zero, which is
the number of matched substrings. The substrings themselves are returned in
ovector. Each string uses two elements; the first is the offset to the
start, and the second is the offset to the end. In fact, all the strings have
the same start offset. (Space could have been saved by giving this only once,
but it was decided to retain some compatibility with the way
pcre_exec() returns data, even though the meaning of the strings is
different.)
The strings are returned in reverse order of length; that is, the longest
matching string is given first. If there were too many matches to fit into
ovector, the yield of the function is zero, and the vector is filled
with the longest matches. Unlike
pcre_exec(),
pcre_dfa_exec()
can use the entire
ovector for returning matched strings.
NOTE: PCRE's "auto-possessification" optimization usually applies to
character repeats at the end of a pattern (as well as internally). For
example, the pattern "a\d+" is compiled as if it were
"a\d++" because there is no point even considering the possibility
of backtracking into the repeated digits. For DFA matching, this means that
only one possible match is found. If you really do want multiple matches in
such cases, either use an ungreedy repeat ("a\d+?") or set the
PCRE_NO_AUTO_POSSESS option when compiling.
The
pcre_dfa_exec() function returns a negative number when it fails.
Many of the errors are the same as for
pcre_exec(), and these are
described above. There are in addition the following errors that are specific
to
pcre_dfa_exec():
PCRE_ERROR_DFA_UITEM (-16)
This return is given if
pcre_dfa_exec() encounters an item in the pattern
that it does not support, for instance, the use of \C or a back reference.
PCRE_ERROR_DFA_UCOND (-17)
This return is given if
pcre_dfa_exec() encounters a condition item that
uses a back reference for the condition, or a test for recursion in a specific
group. These are not supported.
PCRE_ERROR_DFA_UMLIMIT (-18)
This return is given if
pcre_dfa_exec() is called with an
extra
block that contains a setting of the
match_limit or
match_limit_recursion fields. This is not supported (these fields are
meaningless for DFA matching).
PCRE_ERROR_DFA_WSSIZE (-19)
This return is given if
pcre_dfa_exec() runs out of space in the
workspace vector.
PCRE_ERROR_DFA_RECURSE (-20)
When a recursive subpattern is processed, the matching function calls itself
recursively, using private vectors for
ovector and
workspace.
This error is given if the output vector is not large enough. This should be
extremely rare, as a vector of size 1000 is used.
PCRE_ERROR_DFA_BADRESTART (-30)
When
pcre_dfa_exec() is called with the
PCRE_DFA_RESTART option,
some plausibility checks are made on the contents of the workspace, which
should contain data about the previous partial match. If any of these checks
fail, this error is given.
pcre16(3),
pcre32(3),
pcrebuild(3),
pcrecallout(3),
pcrecpp(3)(3),
pcrematching(3),
pcrepartial(3),
pcreposix(3),
pcreprecompile(3),
pcresample(3),
pcrestack(3).
Philip Hazel
University Computing Service
Cambridge CB2 3QH, England.
Last updated: 18 December 2015
Copyright (c) 1997-2015 University of Cambridge.